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standard unit of volume
cubed meter, not liter
where to read volume from
bottom of meniscus
estimate
best guess of adding a digit beyond the marks
- typically 5
Accuracy vs. Precision
accuracy: how close experimental value is to accepted value; precision: how closely measured values agree with each other
error formula
actual - experimental
difference between states of matter
they are all different because of the arrangement of particles /how free they are to move determined by IMFs
Solids
Definite shape and volume
in patterns
can't be compressed easily
particles are locked together and not free to move
matter w strongest IMFS
solids: ionic, metallic, polar covalent
liquids
definite volume but indefinite shape, no pattern
cannot be compressed easily
moderate IMFS: mostly polar covalent
close together particles but free to move
gases
Indefinite volume and shape
can be compressed into smaller volumes
particles far apart with total freedom
weakest IMFS at exclusively non polar covalent, little attraction
how to change from one phase to the next
adding/removing heat
when are LDFs stronger
atoms and molecules are larger
traits of LDFS (3)
low melting point, low boiling point, likely insoluble
traits of dipole-dipole
likely soluble due to polarity, higher MP and BP
strongest IMF
ionic. highest mp and bp, soluble in water
Strongest covalent bond
hydrogen bonding
what happens if energy is added to matter?
particles move faster = kinetic energy
what does temperature mean
average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter
what happens during a phase change
heat is added but temp is the same, kinetic energy isn't changing and particles don't move faster
- arrangement of PARTICLES changes and potential energy moves
physical properties
can be measured without changing composition/identity of substance: density, MP, BP
- how substances are identified
physical change
composition is the same: melting, boiling, cutting, slicing, reshaping
chemical change
new material is formed. can be during a chemical reaction. new properties
chemical properties
characteristics that can only be observed during chemical changes: flammable or corrosive
substance
a unique material/chemical that has a set of properties
elements
simplest form of matter that can't be broken down, made of atoms
compounds
combination of elements to form a substance that can be broken down, over one element
molecules
combination of atoms that create a compound
formula
list of the atoms in a molecule
how can energy change matter (2)
composition of matter = chemical reactions
state of matter = IMFs
kinetic theory (2)
all matter consists of tiny particles that are in constant motion
potential energy in states of matter
stored energy that is determined by the arrangement of the particles
when temperature rises in response to heat...
kinetic energy of the particles increases
when the temperature doesn't rise while heating...
PE is changing
kelvin temperature
directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles of the substance. shifted up 273 degrees
absolute 0
most minimum kinetic energy
composition
arrangement/combination of elements that form a chemical
homogenous
the matter is UNIFORM with only one composition
heterogenous
the matter is not uniform and different parts have different compositions
substances
homogenous materials with ONE unique composition
how are compounds combined
substances that contain more than one element combined chemically
particle of a compound
molecule
particles of all matter are in ____
constant motion
mixtures
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. occupying the same space at the same time and can be easily separated
are mixtures homogenous or heterogenous
can be either
- one material dissolved in another is uniform/homogenous
- suspensions/colloids are heterogenous
what are liters for
liquids/gases
iterative
Repeating a series of steps over and over until the desired outcome is obtained.
difference between heat and temperature
heat is the energy flow between objects of different temperature, temperature is the measurement of kinetic energy
