vl 3

What is the primary perspective of the Skills Approach to leadership?

• It is a leader-centered perspective

• Emphasis on skills and abilities that can be learned and developed

How does the Skills Approach define leadership skills?

The ability to use knowledge and competencies to accomplish goals and objectives.

What is the name of the leadership approach introduced by Katz in 1955?

The Three-Skill Approach.

What are the three core skills identified in Katz's Three-Skill Approach?

Technical, Human, and Conceptual skills.

According to Katz, do leaders need only one specific skill or a combination?

Leaders need all three skills.

What factor determines the relative importance of each leadership skill according to Katz?

The specific level of management.

What does Technical Skill involve regarding organizational work?

Having knowledge about and being proficient in a specific type of work or activity.

• Specialized competencies

• Analytical ability

• Use of appropriate tools and techniques

Technical skills are characterized by what kind of ability regarding products or processes?

Hands-on ability.

At which management level are Technical Skills considered most important?

Lower levels of management.

How is Human Skill defined in the context of leadership?

Having knowledge about and being able to work with people.

What dual awareness is required for effective Human Skill?

Being aware of one's own perspective and others' perspectives at the same time.

What is the primary role of Human Skill in group settings?

Assisting group members in working cooperatively to achieve common goals.

Human Skill helps a leader create an atmosphere of trust and _____.

Empowerment.

At what levels of an organization are Human Skills considered important?

They are important at all levels of the organization.

What is the primary definition of Conceptual Skill?

The ability to do the mental work of shaping the meaning of organizational policy or issues (what company stands for and where it’s going)

With what type of notions does a leader with Conceptual Skill work easily?

Abstraction and hypothetical notions.

Conceptual Skill is central to creating and articulating what for an organization?

A vision and strategic plan.

At which management level is Conceptual Skill considered most important?

Top management levels.

What was the goal of the leadership research studies conducted in the 1990s by Mumford et al.? (perspective)

To identify leadership factors that create exemplary job performance in an organization

In contrast to what leaders do, what does the Mumford model emphasize? (perspective)

On capabilities that make effective leadership possible rather than what leaders do

What relationship does the capability model examine? (skills-based model of leadership)

The relationship between a leader's knowledge and skills and their performance

→ suggests many people have the potential for leadership.

What are the three main components of 'Competencies' in the Skills-Based Model?

• Problem Solving Skills

• Social Judgment Skills

• Knowledge.

What are the four main components of 'Individual Attributes' in the Skills-Based Model?

• General Cognitive Ability

• Crystalized Cognitive Ability

• Motivation

• Personality

What are the two main components of 'Leadership Outcomes' in the Skills-Based Model?

• Effective Problem Solving

• Performance

How is 'Problem Solving' competency defined in the Mumford model (Competencies Skills)?

The creative ability to solve new/unusual, ill-defined organizational problems.

How is 'Social Judgment' competency defined in the Mumford model (Competencies Skills)?

The capacity to understand people and social systems

• Perspective taking

• Social perceptiveness

• Behavioral flexibility

• Social performance

How is 'Knowledge' competency defined in the Mumford model (Competencies Skills)?

The accumulation of information & the mental structures to organize the information

What four 'Individual Attributes' are identified in the Skills-Based Model?

• General Cognitive Ability

• Crystallized Cognitive Ability

• Motivation

• Personality

What is 'General Cognitive Ability'? (individual attributes)

A person's intelligence, including

• Perceptual processing

• Information processing

• General reasoning

• Creative & divergent thinking

• Memory

What is 'Crystallized Cognitive Ability'? (individual attributes)

Intellectual ability learned or acquired over time.

What are the three aspects of Motivation in the skills model? (individual attributes)

Willingness, dominance, and social good.

What role does Personality play in leader performance according to the model? (individual attributes)

It helps people cope with complex organizational situations

What are the two primary 'Leadership Outcomes' in the Mumford model?

Problem Solving and Performance.

What criteria are used to judge the quality of Problem Solving outcomes? (Leadership Outcomes)

Originality and quality of solutions to problem situations

What four characteristics define a good problem-solving solution? (Leadership Outcomes)

• Logical

• Effective

• Unique

• Go beyond given information

How is 'Performance' defined as a leadership outcome? (Leadership Outcomes)

The degree to which a leader has successfully performed assigned duties.

What are the four categories of Career Experiences mentioned in the model?

• Challenging assignments

• mentoring

• appropriate training

• hands-on experience with novelty.

How do career experiences influence a leader's abilities?

They influence the leader's knowledge and skills to solve complex problems.

Under what condition do leaders develop higher levels of conceptual capacity? (Career Experiences)

If they progressively confront more complex and long-term problems as they ascend the hierarchy.

What is the definition of 'Environmental Influences' in the skills model?

Factors in a leader's situation that lie outside their competencies, characteristics, and experiences.

Give an example of an Internal environmental influence.

Outdated technology or the skill level of employees.

Give an example of an External environmental influence.

Economic, political, or social issues, and natural disasters.

How does the Skills Approach work?

• Focus of Skills Approach

• Strengths

• Criticisms

• Application

What is the primary focus of the Skills Approach?

primarily descriptive

→ It describes leadership from a skills perspective and provides a structure for understanding the nature of effective leadership

What does Katz (1995) suggest regarding the importance of leadership skills? (principal research perspectives)

It varies depending where leaders reside in management hierarchy

How do Mumford, Champion, and Morgeson (2007) differ from Katz regarding hierarchy? (principal research perspectives)

They suggest higher levels of all skills are needed at higher levels of the hierarchy.

According to the 2000 Mumford study, leadership outcomes are a direct result of what? (principal research perspectives)

Its a direct result of the leader’s skilled competency in problem solving, social judgment, and knowledge.

What is a major strength of the Skills Approach regarding its conceptualization?

It was the first approach to structure the leadership process around skills.

How does describing leadership in terms of skills benefit the general public? (strengths)

It makes leadership available to everyone.

Why is the Skills Approach considered to have an 'expansive view' of leadership? (strengths)

It incorporates a wide variety of components like problem-solving and social judgment.

With what types of programs is the structure of the Skills Approach consistent? (strengths)

Leadership education programs.

What is a primary criticism regarding the 'breadth' of the Skills Approach?

It extends beyond the boundaries of leadership, making it too general and less precise.

Why is the Skills Approach considered weak in 'predictive value'? (criticism)

It does not explain how specific skills lead to effective leadership performance.

What is the criticism regarding 'Individual Attributes' in the skills model?

They include attributes that are trait-like rather than purely skill-based.

How can the Skills Approach be applied by an individual leader? (Apllication)

It provides a way to delineate their specific skills.

To which organizational levels is the Skills Approach applicable? (Apllication)

It is applicable to leaders at all levels within the organization.

What insight can a skills inventory provide to an individual? (Apllication)

Insight into the individual's leadership competencies.

How can leaders use test scores from a skills inventory? (Apllication)

To learn about areas in which they may wish to seek further training.