che2c mt2

Iron

ferrate

copper

cuprate

lead

plumbate

silver

argentate

gold

aurate

tin

stannate

h2o

aqua

nh3

ammine

co

carbonyl

ch3nh2

methylamine

no

nitrosyl

c5h5n

pyridine

nh2ch2ch2nh2

ethylenediamine (en)

polydentate

c2o4^2-

oxalato (ox)

polydentate (2)

c10h16n2o6^4-

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

polydentate (6)

(nh2ch2ch2)2NH

diethylenetriamine (dien)
polydentate (3)

f-

fluoro

cl-

chloro

br-

bromo

i-

iodo

o^2-

oxo

oh-

hydroxo

cn-

cyano

so4^2-

sulfato

s2o3^2-

thiosulfato

no2-

nitrito-N- (or nitro)

ONO-

nitrito-O- (or nitrito)

SCN-

thiocyanato-S- (thiocyanato)

NCS-

thiocyanato-N- (isothiocyanato)

1

mono

2

di

3

tri

4

tetra

5

penta

6

hexa

2 (polydentate)

bis

3 (polydentate)

tris

4 (polydentate)

tetrakis

cis

same side of a double bond

trans

opposite sides of the double bond

fac

same face

mer

T-shape

geometric isomer

2 ligands of same type (cis/trans possible for square planar and octahedral)

or

3 ligands of same type (fac/mer possible for octahedral)

optical

mirror plane within complex (mirror plane = achiral)
for 3d molecule only, like octahedral or tetrahedral but NOT square planar

Scandium (Sc)

0, +3

Titanium (Ti)

0, +4

Vanadium (V)

0, +5

Chromium (Cr)

0, +3, +4, +6

Manganese (Mn)

+2, +3, +4, +6, +7

Iron (Fe)

+2 to +6, common is +2, +3

Cobalt (Co)

+2, +3

Nickel (Ni)

+2

Copper (Cu)

+1, +2

Zinc (Zn)

+2

allotropes of phosphorous

white, red, violet, black

allotropes of carbon

diamond, graphite, fullerenes

allotropes of tin

white, grey, brittle

alkali metals

reactive, react with water to make H2 gas

alkaline earth metals

low densities, melting and boiling points, low solubility, forms basic oxides

main group metal reactions

M + X2 -> MXy (metal halides)
M + H2 -> MHy (metal hydrides)
M + O2 -> MxOy (metal oxides, peroxides, superoxides)
M + N2 -> M3Ny (metal nitrides)
MxNy + H2O -> xM(OH)y + yNH3
M + H2O -> M(OH)y or M(OH)y + H2
MxOy + H2O -> M(OH)y or M(OH)y + H2
MxCy + H2O -> M(OH)y + CH4

tetrahedral electron splitting diagram

d(xy) d(yz) d(xz)
d(z²) d(x²-y²)

square planar electron splitting diagram

d(x²-y²)
d(xz)
d(z²)

d(xz) d(yz)

high spin

lower wavelengths absorbed
populates all orbitals before pairing (small delta o)

low spin

higher wavelengths absorbed
fill in lower orbitals before upper ones (large delta o)

weak field

high spin (smaller delta o)
more unpaired e-

strong field

low spin (large delta o)
fewer unpaired e-

group 13

metals are soft and relatively reactive

group 14

4 covalent bonds to non-metals

inert pair effect

elements with several valence e- but do not lose all of them and keep 2 (heavier metals)

halogens

atomic form not found in nature

high electronegativity, form polar covalent bonds