HI-211-01 Final Exam Study Guide

Dec 8 1941

Japan bombed Guam and lady of Kamalen day also commemorates the attack on Guam that started Japanese occupation

GEACPS

Japan's vision of an Asian Pacific empire, also known as Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

•Japan promised:

–liberation from European colonialism

–economic union of Asians

–Guam was small enough that they planned to assimilate Chamorros into Japanese society

Battle of the Coral Sea

Definitive naval aircraft battle in May 1942, turning point where the US understands they could beat the Japanese

Kaikuntai

Civilian administration of Japanese development in charge of producing food and opening new lands to farm

• Established to provide food for troops

• Established headquarters at Tai

Kempetai

Japanese police force that forced Chamorros into harsh labor and set up defenses against the American invasion

Manengon

Concentration camp where the Japanese housed the Chamorro people

•Japanese told Chamorros they were being moved there for their own protection

Father Jesus Baza Duenas

Second Chamorro to be ordained a priest, led the Catholic Church during the Japanese occupation of Guam

July 21 1944

America came to take back Guam, Liberation Day

Guam Combat Patrol

Formed to scout Japanese soldiers hiding in Guam's jungles, one of the most dangerous military combat duties after the invasion

Sumay

Anchorage town for whalers during Spanish occupation, became a naval shipping operations station during American occupation

Pre-war population: 1,997. Post-war population: 0

Dec. 8 Sumay was bombed

Post-war resettlement villages

Dededo, Barrigada, Yona, Sinajana, Santa Rita, Agat

Joe Murphy

Author who argues that Chamorros need to speak English only to become "full Americans" lists examples of Black people in the states “assimilating” to American culture

Rose Franquez

Academy student who wrote a response to Joe Murphy, arguing that Chamorros should learn their language and it doesn't make them any less American

Jesus Charfauros

Wrote "Munga Yo' Ma'Fino Engles," songs about historical and cultural preservation

Guam Congress Walk Out

March 1949 event where Chamorros protested Americans owning local businesses through "front men"

Carlos Taitano

Leader who aided the signing of the Organic Act for Guam, leading to Chamorros earning US citizenship and civil government

Organic Act of Guam

Granted American citizenship to all people residing in Guam and their children born after April 11, 1899, ending a 50-year struggle for US citizenship

Camp Roxas

Largest camp city where Filipinos migrated to Guam for military projects and GovGuam positions

Immigration and Naturalization Act

1952 act that allowed people to become US citizens by staying on Guam

TTPI

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, islands under US jurisdiction from 1945-1983 except for Guam

Security Clearance

Requirement for approval from the admiral to leave or enter Guam, established in 1952 as a restricted Navy security zone

Typhoon Karen

Typhoon that destroyed 90% of the structures on the island and led to $75 million in disaster relief and urban renewal

Munga yo' Ma Fino Englesi

aka “dont speak to me in english”

• Popular Chamorro song describing the forgetting of Chamorro language and culture due to Americanization

Urban Renewal

Modernizing the infrastructure of Guam, including roads, houses, and streets

Johnny Sablan

Famous Chamorro recording artist who contributed to the preservation, perpetuation, and promotion of Chamorro language and culture

Carlos Camacho

Former governor of Guam, last appointed governor and first elected governor after the Guam Elected Governor Act was passed

Chamorro Land Trust Act

1975 act to protect and ensure Chamorro homelands are awarded to native Chamorros

Sella Bay

Land surrounding Sella Bay acquired by the Navy in 1969, leading to land rights issues and court challenges

• In 1969, the Navy announce plans to acquire land surrounding Sella Bay and build an ammunition wharf at Sella Bay.

• Gov. Camacho and much of Guam community supported the plan

• Senator Paul Bordallo built a coalition to challenge the plan

• Took Camacho to court, challenging gov’s authority to transfer land w/o legislative

  approval and he won case

• Sella raised many issues about land rights

• Genesis of 1974 Chamorro Land Trust

Christmas Bombing

Round-the-clock bombing missions during Christmas, leading to the communist party giving in and US victory in Vietnam

• US wins and takes over Vietnam

• Everyone remembers the Christmas bombing – sky was always filled w/ B-52s

• Economic boost

Section 30 money

in organic act

Federal taxes paid on Guam that go to the Government of Guam, providing an economic boost

• Meant that when you have things like a large military buildup a lot more money goes to Guam

- Cant have taxation without representation

Guam Doctrine

President Nixon's 1969 announcement that nations should assume their own defense on the ground

OPI-R

Organization of People for Indigenous Rights

Formed before Political Status Plebiscite, stands for "answer" in Chamorro

opi-r means to speak out

UN Resolution 1514

1960 resolution declaring colonialism as a denial of human rights and promoting independence/decolonization

Elective Governor Act

1968 act allowing the people of Guam to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Guam

Draft Guam Commonwealth Act

Proposed act to replace the Organic Act, not approved by the US Congress.

Para Pada

“Stop-Slap”. Campaigned for Chamorro language and against the Guam constitution. The draft constitution did not address Chamorro political status and sovereignty (Guam remains in an “existing territorial-federal relationship” with the US)

A group that campaigned for the Chamorro language and against the Guam constitution.

Guam Constitution

The draft constitution that did not address Chamorro political status and sovereignty.

Nasion Chamoru

Also known as Chamorro Nation, a group formed in 1991 to assert the right of the Chamorro people to exist as a nation.

Commission on Self-Determination

A government commission created in the 1980s and 1990s to pursue a change in Guam's political status.

to continue the quest for a change in Guam’s political status as an unincorporated territory of the United States. There were two commissions mandated by law: the first was organized in 1980, and the second in 1984.

Angel Santos

A person who spit in the face of a military police officer, seen as a disrespectful act.

Davis vs Guam

A legal challenge in which Arnold Davis argued he was discriminated against for not being eligible for decolonization registry and self-determination vote.

Manuel Guerrero

Appointed governor of Guam from 1962-1969. Gave an inaugural address emphasizing modernization, progress, and Americanization.

Commission on Decolonization

Created by the 26th Guam Legislature to pursue decolonization aligned with the United Nations concept. Defines Chamorros - Aligns with United Nations concept of decolonization – free association, independence, or statehood

Joseph Flores

Appointed governor of Guam from 1960-1961.

Guahu Taotao Tano

A play developed for the 1984 festpac that showcased Chamorro culture through different eras.

• “I am person of the land.”

• In 1982-83 most Chamorros didn’t think of themselves as indigenous because they are a mix of all kinds of races so the idea of being connected to precolonial they didn’t really know much about pre colonization Chamorros

- Play was created by reading old documents and creating dancers or things to fill the gap
- Controversial because most people said we didn’t do most of the play but it is all about representation

Taxi dancers

Entertainment (Polynesian dancing style) for Filipinos and the US military in Guam before the security clearance demographic transition.

Demographic transition

The shift from agrarian societies to a cash-based, wage labor economy, leading to changes in family dynamics.

• Agrarian societies shift to cash based cash efficient economy

• Agrarian societies have larger families and kids are an economic

• Moving to a wage based labor where the education is more important

• Changes the size of the family and family dynamic

• Brings a lot of tension between families especially between child and parent without higher education

Jumping the Fence

A metaphor for breaking cultural rules to make change.

Based on the film Island Invaded and the Liberation Guam readings from the course Moodle Page, how did Chamorros experience WWII.

Frightened by Japanese colonization and believed that the Americans would come back to save them.

• When the Japanese invaded, many chamorros did their best to try and hide/relocated to their ranch

Factors shaping post-World War II cultural change on Guam

US citizenship, importation of workers, creation of permanent ethnic communities, tourism industry, new connections with Japan and Korea, English education, television, and radio.

What explains the shift from satisfaction with the Organic Act of Guam in the 1950s to the desire for decolonization?

Disconnect between Chamorro identity and the younger generation, loss of Chamorro language.

people have been fighting for the citizenship ends military government but people chamorros especially are realizing that the children are no longer connected to their Chamorro identity (can’t speak the language)

Euphoria from US citizenship, able to vote locally, end of military government

How did the lifting of the Security Clearance Requirement create new opportunities on Guam?

Allowed for tourism and foreign business investments, boosted Guam's economy, and made it easier for Chamorros to leave the islands.

What can explain Guam’s support for the Vietnam War during the 1960s? What are some darker elements of the war’s legacy?

Economic prosperity, job opportunities, and new rights, but also negative impacts such as social issues and dependence on war.

POSITIVE: economic prosperity, full employment, money from taxes, job opportunities, opened new rights (euphoria)

NEGATIVE: whole economy depends on war, it leads to all kinds of social issues (PTSD, drug addiction)

How did entertainment for the tourism market impact cultural development in the 1960s and 70s?

Brought in Polynesian dancers and culture, made Chamorro people think about their indigenous identity.

What is the relationship between the Sella Bay Ammunition Wharf Controversy and the Chamorro Land Trust Act?

The controversy led to the creation of the Chamorro Land Trust Act, which set aside large areas of government land for Chamorro homes and agricultural farms.

the start of the Chamorro land trust because they agreed that

Sella Bay: Plans to acquire land surrounding Sella Bay and build an ammunition wharf. Governor Camacho and many people supported the plan before Bordallo built a coalition to challenge the plan. Challenged Gov’s authority to transfer land without legislative approval. Military can’t seize private of government land.

- recognition that land on Guam is scarce so paul bordallo takes the momentum and creates Chamorro Land trust Act which sets aside large areas of Gov Guam land for Chamorro homes and agricultural farms