science final

stimulus

signal that causes an organism to respond

nutrition

organisms obtain materials from its environment and change them into forms known as nutrients

ingestion

taking in food from the environment

digestion

breakdown of complex materials into simpler forms that can be used in cells

egestion

removes undigested materials from the body

transport

process in which substances are taken in or produced by an organism and then moved throughout the organism

absorption

process by which substances are taken in or absorped

circulation

movement of materials

respiration

the release of chemical energy stored in certain nutrients (CO2)

excretion

removal of waste material

synthesis

producing complex substances from simpler substances

regulation

control and coordination of all the various activities of an organism

metabolism

all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism

homeostasis

the ability to maintain a stable internal environment even when external environment changes dramatically

feedback loop

series of reactions in which the products of the last reaction cause the first reaction to start or stop

organization of living things

cells-tissue-organ-organ system-organism

cellular respiration

glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water+atp

photosynthesis

sun+carbon dioxide+water=water+glucose+oxygen

passive transport

movement that needs no energy (high to low)

active transport

movement that needs energy (low to high)

diffusion

movement across a membrane

osmosis

diffusion of water from an area of higher water concentration to lower

antigen

a tag on pathogens that the immune system recognizes as foreign

antibody

protein made with a specific shape to fit over antigens

what happens when an antibody is locked on to a pathogen

it blocks communication and reproduction of the pathogen

pathogen

a bacteria or virus that can cause a disease

vaccine

shot of dead or weakened pathogen that triggers an immune response and allows your body to create antibodies to fight that pathogen

antibodies

medicine you take to kill bacteria

transcription

rna copies the code of one gene and carries the message (mRNA) to the ribosome

translation

tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome to line up along mRNA. the chain is then folded into a protein

substitution

one base being swapped with another

deletion

one base is missing

addition

extra base added

gametes

are haploid so they have half a set of dna

differentiation

genes “turn on” so that plain cells develop into specialized cells

what is mutation

a change in the base letter code of DNA

what are the effects of mutations

changes in protein shape and functions

what mutations are inheritable

only those in sex cells

what influences gene expression

environmental conditions

what do guard cells do

regulate water balance and gas exchange

what process is carried out at ribosomes

protein synthesis

what structure is used in communication

receptor proteins

where is insulin produced

in the pancreas

what two systems regulate the body

endocrine and nervous

how are carbon,oxygen, and hydrogen cycled

photosynthesis and respiration