CPCE (short)

Erik Erikson's 8 stages of development

trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs diffusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs self-absorption, integrity vs despair

Freud's Psychoanalytic and Psychosexual Development Theory

Two basic drives sex and aggression, 5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Oral Stage

birth to 18 months

Anal Stage

2 to 3 years

Phallic Stage

3 to 5 years

Latency Stage

6 years to puberty

Genital Stage

puberty to adulthood

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

schemas of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration; stages sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

preconventional morality, conventional morality, post conventional morality

Electra Complex

same an oedipus complex but for girls, occurs during the phallic stage

John Bowlby

bonding with an adult before 3 years is vital, if not will cause abnormal behavior

Harry Harlow

worked with monkeys on attachment and believe it was innate, isolation lead to autistic abnormal behavior

Konrad Lorenz

imprinting ducks will follow the first moving object the see

Critical Periods (Lorenz)

certain behaviors must be learned at specific stages or they will not be learned at all

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

physical or biochemical characteristics determined by genetics and the environment

Tabula Rasa

John Locke, a child is born with an unformed mind that develops through experience, blank slate

Plasticity

the smooth transition from one stage of development to the next

Human Development

learning, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic

Levinson's The Seasons of a Man's Life

book about study of adult males, life into 4 periods; preadulthood to 17 years, early adulthood starting at 17 to 22, middle adulthood starting at 40 to 45, older adult starting at 60 to 65, midlife crisis

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

person must first satisfy basic needs (food/shelter) before higher needs (love/security)

Gesell's Maturationist Theory

development is a biological process independent from environmental influences

Behaviorism Theory of Learning

learning is a change of behavior caused by consequences of behaviors, Watson, Skinner, Thorndike

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

a behavior followed by a reward is is strengthened and more likely repeated

Rogers

person centered, people are eventually good, move toward self-actualization

Berne

transactional analysis, each person has 3 ego states, parent, adult, child

Freud

psychoanalysis, biological instincts and development through psychosexual stages

Ellis

rational emotive behavior therapy: person's instincts are rational and irrational but can be taught

Perls

gestalt: people are whole and complete but effect by environment. organizing experience determines learning

Glasser

reality therapy: people have needs of food/shelter plus the need to feel worthwhile and successful

Adler

individual psychology: people are essentially good, birth order determines much of behavior

Jung

analytic psychology: people strive for self-fulfillment

Skinner

behavioral/cognitive behavioral modification: people cannot make free will decisions, behavior is learned from environment and reinforcement

Frankl

existential: people are good/rational and have the freedom to chose behavior

Williamson (trait factor)

trait factor: potential for good/bad is innate

Empiricists

John Locke, experience is the only source of knowledge

Psychodiagnostic

testing that assesses how thinking and emotions affect behavior

Invivo Desensitization

person is gradually exposed to something he fears

Ethology

the study of animals in their natural environment

Psychometrics

the entire process of tests measuring intelligence, aptitude, and personality characteristics

Psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on psychological functioning

Centration

Piaget's preoperational stage, focusing on one feature of an object and ignoring the rest

Bibliotherapy

use of books and written material

Musterbation

absolutist thinking by the client (must/should) (Ellis)

Awfulizations

Looking at a situation irrationally how awful it will be (Ellis)

Nancy Chodorow

saw psychoanalytic theory as using gender stereotyping with male imposed standards

Jean Baker Miller

"care taking" is helping others to develop emotionally, intellectually, and socially. differentiates women's development from men

Harriet Lerner

women need to balance activities that center on others and also themselves, women need to be assertive and show independence and strength in intimate relationships

Carol Tavris

society judges women by how they fit into the male world

Carol Gilligan

women communicate with each other differently then men

Gail Sheehy

wrote book Passages about transitional crisis periods in a woman's life that provide opportunities for growth

Scheme of intellectual and ethical development (William Perry)

4 categories: dualism, multiplicity, relativism, commitment

Piaget's definition of intelligence

not solely determined by genetics but also by environment, experiences, and culture

Emotional intelligence (Daniel Goleman)

self-motivation, self-awareness, empathy, social awareness, and persistence

Spirituality

effects a person's sense of self, relationships with others, perception of society, and reaction to problems

Generativity

in Erikson's middle adulthood stage a person's ability to care for another

Stagnation (Havinghurst)

a person will demonstrate self-absorption not caring for another

Universal Culture

contains all humans all having the same biology and basic biological needs

Ecological Culture

the physical location and climate of a person

Ethnic Culture

social subdivision of a cultural group

IDEA

individuals education improvement act of 2004

ADA

Americans with disabilities act of 1990 prohibits discrimination in employment

Alfred Adler's birth order

birth order creates a different psychological situation for each child, influences family dynamics

Life Cycle of a family

independence, coupling, parenting, launching adult children, retirement or senior years

Family systems theory (Murray Bowen)

differentiation of self, nuclear family, triangulation, family projection process, multigenerational transmission process, emotional cutoff, sibling position, societal emotional process

Intrinsic Motivation

an internal motivation for behavior such as a hobby, based on the enjoyment of the behavior

Extrinsic Motivation

motivation for a behavior based on expectation of a reward or punishment

Robert Carkhuff

conducted studies revealing that therapy doesn't always have a positive outcome, developed a 5 point scale measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect in counseling

Restatement

rephrasing what the client has said with emphasis on the cognitive message

Reflection

rephrasing what the client has said with emphasis on the feeling part of the message

Paraphrasing

using different words to restate what the client has said in order to gain a better understanding

Summarizing

a concise statement of the main points or ideas in a session

Confrontation

technique where the counselor identifies discrepancies and presents them to the client

Structuring

defining the nature, limits, and goals of counseling, and the roles of the client and counselor

Witmer and Sweeney (healthy individuals)

identified 5 tasks associated with healthy individuals; spirituality, self-regulation, work, friendship, and love

Empathy

understanding another by identifying with their situation. Two stages include experiencing the same emotions as the person, and looking at the situation from their pov

Stages of building counselor client relationship

entry phase, clarification phase, structure phase, relationship phase

Stages of Positive Interaction

4 stages: stage 1 exploring feelings, stage 2 consolidation, stage 3 planning, stage 4 termination of relationship

Transference

projecting thoughts or feelings about someone/something onto a new object/person

Attending

showing interest and respect for what another has to say, examples include eye contact, posture/distance, communication

Resistance

occurs when a client avoids seeking help when needed, can be unconscious

Critical incident stress debriefing

a meeting for involved professionals following a stressful event or crisis

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

pyramid of basic human needs: (bottom up) physiological, safety, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization

Congruence

the counselor's ability to maintain agreement between words and actions

Caplan's group counseling

primary or guidance, secondary or counseling, tertiary or therapy

Stages of a group

formation or trust/orientation, work/productivity or transition, closure or consolidation and termination

Gestault group theory

mature people determine their path in life and take responsibility for their decisions and actions, goal to make them more aware of their thoughts and emotions to become more mature

Person-centered theory

goal to help members better understand themselves to get closer to self-actualization

Behavioral counseling groups

goal is to modify problem behaviors and improve member's coping skills

Benet and IQ testing

developed the first intelligence test the Stanford-Binet, determined mental age as opposed to chronological age

Cattell and intelligence

fluid intelligence; inborn, abstract reasoning, crystallized intelligence; from acquired knowledge and skills

Appraisal

assessment tools used to evaluate traits and behaviors

Measure

a score assigned to a person's trait or behavior

Test

a systematic method of measuring/evaluating

Projective tests

unstructured tests for things like personality/feelings

Free choice test

short answer subjective test

Forced choice test

items such as true/false questions have a definite answer

Spiral test

easier to harder questions

Cyclical test

test has sections that progress in each section

Test battery

collection of tests given to the same group and scored the same