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Erik Erikson's 8 stages of development
trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs diffusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs self-absorption, integrity vs despair
Freud's Psychoanalytic and Psychosexual Development Theory
Two basic drives sex and aggression, 5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Oral Stage
birth to 18 months
Anal Stage
2 to 3 years
Phallic Stage
3 to 5 years
Latency Stage
6 years to puberty
Genital Stage
puberty to adulthood
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
schemas of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration; stages sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
preconventional morality, conventional morality, post conventional morality
Electra Complex
same an oedipus complex but for girls, occurs during the phallic stage
John Bowlby
bonding with an adult before 3 years is vital, if not will cause abnormal behavior
Harry Harlow
worked with monkeys on attachment and believe it was innate, isolation lead to autistic abnormal behavior
Konrad Lorenz
imprinting ducks will follow the first moving object the see
Critical Periods (Lorenz)
certain behaviors must be learned at specific stages or they will not be learned at all
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype
physical or biochemical characteristics determined by genetics and the environment
Tabula Rasa
John Locke, a child is born with an unformed mind that develops through experience, blank slate
Plasticity
the smooth transition from one stage of development to the next
Human Development
learning, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic
Levinson's The Seasons of a Man's Life
book about study of adult males, life into 4 periods; preadulthood to 17 years, early adulthood starting at 17 to 22, middle adulthood starting at 40 to 45, older adult starting at 60 to 65, midlife crisis
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
person must first satisfy basic needs (food/shelter) before higher needs (love/security)
Gesell's Maturationist Theory
development is a biological process independent from environmental influences
Behaviorism Theory of Learning
learning is a change of behavior caused by consequences of behaviors, Watson, Skinner, Thorndike
Law of Effect (Thorndike)
a behavior followed by a reward is is strengthened and more likely repeated
Rogers
person centered, people are eventually good, move toward self-actualization
Berne
transactional analysis, each person has 3 ego states, parent, adult, child
Freud
psychoanalysis, biological instincts and development through psychosexual stages
Ellis
rational emotive behavior therapy: person's instincts are rational and irrational but can be taught
Perls
gestalt: people are whole and complete but effect by environment. organizing experience determines learning
Glasser
reality therapy: people have needs of food/shelter plus the need to feel worthwhile and successful
Adler
individual psychology: people are essentially good, birth order determines much of behavior
Jung
analytic psychology: people strive for self-fulfillment
Skinner
behavioral/cognitive behavioral modification: people cannot make free will decisions, behavior is learned from environment and reinforcement
Frankl
existential: people are good/rational and have the freedom to chose behavior
Williamson (trait factor)
trait factor: potential for good/bad is innate
Empiricists
John Locke, experience is the only source of knowledge
Psychodiagnostic
testing that assesses how thinking and emotions affect behavior
Invivo Desensitization
person is gradually exposed to something he fears
Ethology
the study of animals in their natural environment
Psychometrics
the entire process of tests measuring intelligence, aptitude, and personality characteristics
Psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on psychological functioning
Centration
Piaget's preoperational stage, focusing on one feature of an object and ignoring the rest
Bibliotherapy
use of books and written material
Musterbation
absolutist thinking by the client (must/should) (Ellis)
Awfulizations
Looking at a situation irrationally how awful it will be (Ellis)
Nancy Chodorow
saw psychoanalytic theory as using gender stereotyping with male imposed standards
Jean Baker Miller
"care taking" is helping others to develop emotionally, intellectually, and socially. differentiates women's development from men
Harriet Lerner
women need to balance activities that center on others and also themselves, women need to be assertive and show independence and strength in intimate relationships
Carol Tavris
society judges women by how they fit into the male world
Carol Gilligan
women communicate with each other differently then men
Gail Sheehy
wrote book Passages about transitional crisis periods in a woman's life that provide opportunities for growth
Scheme of intellectual and ethical development (William Perry)
4 categories: dualism, multiplicity, relativism, commitment
Piaget's definition of intelligence
not solely determined by genetics but also by environment, experiences, and culture
Emotional intelligence (Daniel Goleman)
self-motivation, self-awareness, empathy, social awareness, and persistence
Spirituality
effects a person's sense of self, relationships with others, perception of society, and reaction to problems
Generativity
in Erikson's middle adulthood stage a person's ability to care for another
Stagnation (Havinghurst)
a person will demonstrate self-absorption not caring for another
Universal Culture
contains all humans all having the same biology and basic biological needs
Ecological Culture
the physical location and climate of a person
Ethnic Culture
social subdivision of a cultural group
IDEA
individuals education improvement act of 2004
ADA
Americans with disabilities act of 1990 prohibits discrimination in employment
Alfred Adler's birth order
birth order creates a different psychological situation for each child, influences family dynamics
Life Cycle of a family
independence, coupling, parenting, launching adult children, retirement or senior years
Family systems theory (Murray Bowen)
differentiation of self, nuclear family, triangulation, family projection process, multigenerational transmission process, emotional cutoff, sibling position, societal emotional process
Intrinsic Motivation
an internal motivation for behavior such as a hobby, based on the enjoyment of the behavior
Extrinsic Motivation
motivation for a behavior based on expectation of a reward or punishment
Robert Carkhuff
conducted studies revealing that therapy doesn't always have a positive outcome, developed a 5 point scale measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect in counseling
Restatement
rephrasing what the client has said with emphasis on the cognitive message
Reflection
rephrasing what the client has said with emphasis on the feeling part of the message
Paraphrasing
using different words to restate what the client has said in order to gain a better understanding
Summarizing
a concise statement of the main points or ideas in a session
Confrontation
technique where the counselor identifies discrepancies and presents them to the client
Structuring
defining the nature, limits, and goals of counseling, and the roles of the client and counselor
Witmer and Sweeney (healthy individuals)
identified 5 tasks associated with healthy individuals; spirituality, self-regulation, work, friendship, and love
Empathy
understanding another by identifying with their situation. Two stages include experiencing the same emotions as the person, and looking at the situation from their pov
Stages of building counselor client relationship
entry phase, clarification phase, structure phase, relationship phase
Stages of Positive Interaction
4 stages: stage 1 exploring feelings, stage 2 consolidation, stage 3 planning, stage 4 termination of relationship
Transference
projecting thoughts or feelings about someone/something onto a new object/person
Attending
showing interest and respect for what another has to say, examples include eye contact, posture/distance, communication
Resistance
occurs when a client avoids seeking help when needed, can be unconscious
Critical incident stress debriefing
a meeting for involved professionals following a stressful event or crisis
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
pyramid of basic human needs: (bottom up) physiological, safety, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization
Congruence
the counselor's ability to maintain agreement between words and actions
Caplan's group counseling
primary or guidance, secondary or counseling, tertiary or therapy
Stages of a group
formation or trust/orientation, work/productivity or transition, closure or consolidation and termination
Gestault group theory
mature people determine their path in life and take responsibility for their decisions and actions, goal to make them more aware of their thoughts and emotions to become more mature
Person-centered theory
goal to help members better understand themselves to get closer to self-actualization
Behavioral counseling groups
goal is to modify problem behaviors and improve member's coping skills
Benet and IQ testing
developed the first intelligence test the Stanford-Binet, determined mental age as opposed to chronological age
Cattell and intelligence
fluid intelligence; inborn, abstract reasoning, crystallized intelligence; from acquired knowledge and skills
Appraisal
assessment tools used to evaluate traits and behaviors
Measure
a score assigned to a person's trait or behavior
Test
a systematic method of measuring/evaluating
Projective tests
unstructured tests for things like personality/feelings
Free choice test
short answer subjective test
Forced choice test
items such as true/false questions have a definite answer
Spiral test
easier to harder questions
Cyclical test
test has sections that progress in each section
Test battery
collection of tests given to the same group and scored the same
