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Who succeeded Henry VIII?
Edward VI.
What challenges did Queen Elizabeth face?
Problems from Catholics, threats from Mary Queen of Scots, and the Spanish Armada.
What were Elizabeth I's solutions to these challenges?
She strengthened Protestantism, executed Mary Queen of Scots, and beat the Spanish Armada.
What was the British East India Company?
A trading company for India and Asia.
What is the Elizabethan Age known for?
A time of art and exploration in England.
What doctrine did James I believe in?
Divine Right of Kings.
What was the outcome of the conflict between James I and Parliament?
Tension over who had more power.
What major event characterized the conflict between Charles I and Parliament?
The English Civil War.
What is the Petition of Right?
A document listing rights that the king cannot take away.
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
Leader during the English Civil War who became the Lord Protector.
What was the Restoration?
The return of the monarchy in 1660 with Charles II.
What is Habeas Corpus?
A law that protects against wrongful imprisonment.
What was the Glorious Revolution?
The overthrow of King James II in 1688.
What documents helped transition England to a constitutional monarchy?
The Petition of Right and the English Bill of Rights.
Who was known as the Sun King?
Louis XIV.
What does 'L'état, c'est moi' mean?
It means 'I am the state,' showing Louis XIV's absolute power.
What impact did English constitutional documents have on the U.S.?
They influenced the U.S. Constitution.
How did Louis XIV exercise absolute power?
By controlling the government and nobles.
What were some of Louis XIV's successes and failures?
Successes: culture and military; Failures: expensive wars.
What is the significance of Versailles?
It was a symbol of royal power.
How did Peter the Great exercise absolute power?
By reforming government and military.
What was the Great Northern War?
A conflict for land and sea access.
What role did serfdom play in Russian society?
Serfs were peasants bound to their land.
What were Peter the Great's successes and failures?
Successes: modernization; Failures: high costs.
What was the purpose of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes?
To ensure Catholic uniformity.
Edward VI
King from 1547 to 1553; Henry VIII's son.
Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)
Queen from 1553 to 1558; known for persecuting Protestants.
Elizabeth I
Queen from 1558 to 1603; known for a thriving England.
Mary Queen of Scots
She was executed for threatening Elizabeth's throne.
Act of Uniformity
Established a standard prayer for the Church.
Act of Supremacy
Made the monarch the head of the Church.
Philip II
King of Spain and Mary Tudor's husband.
The Spanish Armada
A fleet sent by Spain in 1588 that was defeated.
The Elizabethan Age (Golden Age)
Time of great art and discovery during Elizabeth's reign.
Divine Right of Kings
Kings get their power from God.
James I
King from 1603 to 1625; commissioned the King James Bible.
James I vs. Parliament
A struggle over power between the king and Parliament.
Charles I
King executed in 1649; had conflicts with Parliament.
The Petition of Right
Document outlining freedoms the king can't violate.
The English Civil War
A war between Parliament and the king.
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of Parliament who ruled as Lord Protector.
Cavaliers
Supporters of King Charles I.
Roundheads
Supporters of Parliament.
Lord Protector
Title of Oliver Cromwell.
The Restoration
The return of the monarchy under Charles II.
Charles II
King known for his fun and lively court.
Habeas Corpus Act
Protects from unlawful detention.
James II
King overthrown in the Glorious Revolution.
The Glorious Revolution
Overthrow of King James II.
William & Mary
Co-monarchs after the Glorious Revolution.
Constitutional Monarchy
A monarchy with limits on its power.
English Bill of Rights
Limited the power of the monarchy in 1689.
The Fronde
Civil wars in France against royal power.
The Sun King
Nickname for Louis XIV.
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Finance minister under Louis XIV.
Tariff
A tax on imported goods.
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Louis XIV's action against Protestants.
War of Spanish Succession
A war over who would be the king of Spain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Ended the War of Spanish Succession.
Versailles
Palace symbolizing royal power.
The Romanovs
Last dynasty ruling Russia.
Peter the Great
Tsar known for modernizing Russia.
Serfdom
Peasants tied to their land.
Boyars
Russian nobility.
Eastern Orthodox Church
Main Christian church in Russia.
Patriarch
Top bishop in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Modernization efforts
Peter's plans to modernize Russia.
St. Petersburg
City founded by Peter the Great.
Moscow
Capital of Russia.
The Great Northern War
War for territory and access to the sea.
Black Sea
Important sea for trade in Eastern Europe.
Baltic Sea
Sea that Peter wanted to reach for trade.
