Europe 1500s-1700s

Phillip II

King of Spain in the 1500s, known for his role in the Spanish Armada and the establishment of a strong Spanish empire

Queen Mary of Spain

Queen of Spain during the 1550s, tried to restore Catholicism (Bloody Mary)

Henry VIII

King of England from 1509 to 1547, known for his six marriages and the English Reformation, which led to the Church of England's break from the Catholic Church

Elizabeth I

Polatique queen of England in the 1550s, allows religions to coexist, makes England more culturally significant

Oliver Cromwell

English military and political leader who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War and served as Lord Protector of England, banned everything fun

English Bill of Rights

An act passed in 1689 that limited the powers of the monarchy and outlined the rights of Parliament and individuals, establishing a constitutional monarchy in England

Spanish Armadas

A fleet of Spanish warships sent to invade England in 1588, ultimately defeated by the English navy

mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes the role of the state in managing trade and commerce to enhance national wealth, typically through a positive balance of trade

Henry II of France

King of France in the 1550s, known for his role in the French Wars of Religion and the promotion of the arts.

Catherine de Madici

Queen consort of Henry II, influential in French politics, especially during the Wars of Religion

Henri de Navarre

King of France who ended the Wars of Religion by issuing the Edict of Nantes, promoting religious tolerance

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Louis XIII, he strengthened the central government and entered the 30 years war

fronde

A series of civil wars in France from 1648 to 1653, driven by noble opposition to royal authority and centralization policies.

Louis XIV

King of France known as the "Sun King," he ruled for 72 years and centralized power, exemplifying absolute monarchy, makes France broke

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 decree by Henry IV of France granting religious freedom to Huguenots, promoting civil unity and ending the French Wars of Religion.

Huguenots

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin, often persecuted in Catholic France.

Palace of Versailles

The royal residence of Louis XIV, known for its opulence and grandeur, symbolizing the absolute power of the monarchy in France, trapped a bunch of nobles

30 years war

A series of conflicts from 1618 to 1648 involving various European powers, primarily fought in the Holy Roman Empire, rooted in religious and political tensions between Catholics and Protestants

Bohemian stage

HRE vs Bohemia

Danish phase

HRE vs Denmark

Swedish phase

HRE vs Sweden

French phase

HRE vs France

Gustavus Adolphus

General of Sweden, helps the 30 yrs war

Spain 1500s

Began profiting from the New World, failed the Spanish Armadas, lots of profits wasted on wars

Spain 1550s

Dutch wars, Queen Mary executes catholics

Spain 1600s

Portuguese restoration, funds poorly spent, 30 years war on the side of HRE

Spain 1650s

New World resources get exhausted, inflation

England 1500s

Henry VII is wealthy but there is little industry

England 1550s

Queen Elizabeth becomes Anglican, religious unity, Shakespeare, cultural influence, cottage industry

England 1600s

Civil war between cavaliers and roundheads (Monarchy and parliament), Oliver Cromwell becomes king and bans everything fun

England 1650s

New king selected (William IX), English Bill of Rights signde

France 1500s

reformation, Italian wars

France 1550s

Henry II dies at his daughter’s wedding, his 3 sons all rule then die while his wife (Catherine de Madici) controls things for real, Religious wars and Edict of Nantes

Spain 1600s

30 years war

Religious wars of France

Huguenots began revolting

Saint Bartholomew day Massacre

thousands of Huguenots (French Protestants) were killed by Catholics

France 1650s

Fronde, Louis XIV builds Palace of Versailles and traps a bunch of nobles, France goes bankrupt

HRE 1500s

reformation, united with Spain to fund religious wars

HRE 1550s

Peace of Auxburg, Ottoman empire invades, country divided

Peace of Auxburg

allowed local rulers in the HRE to have religious freedom

HRE 1600s

30 years war destroys the HRE