Bio 240 Exam #2

Osteology

The study of bone

Composition of the skeletal system

bones, cartilage, ligaments

Flat bone function

protection and attachment

Flat bone examples

cranial bones, sternum, scapula, ribs, hip bones

Long bone function

Movement

Long bone examples

bones of limbs, hands and feet

Short bone function

stability

Short bone examples

wrist and ankle

Irregular bone function

Protection

Irregular bone examples

vertebrae, some skull bones

Sesamoid bone function

protect tendons

Sesamoid bone example

Patella

Osteoblast

forms new bone, found in growing portions of bone

Osteogenic Cell

Only bone cell that divides

Osteocyte

mature bone, within lacune, incapable of mitosis, communicate via canaliculi

Osteoclast

on bone surfaces, originate from white blood cells

Spongy bone location

heads of long bones and middle of flat bones

Spongy bone appearance

Porous

Compact bone appearance

denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces

Periosteum

Outer surface of bone (fibrous)

Endosteum

membrane of cavity

Articular cartilage

Covers areas of epiphysis

Periosteum function

attachment site of ligaments and tendons

endosteum function

bone growth, repair, and remodeling occurs

articular cartilage function

reduces friction and absorbs shock

Osteon/Haaversian System

basic structural unit of compact bone

Central/Haversian canal

contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels

Lamellae

Layers of calcified matrix

Perforating canal

Connect central canals to periosteum and endosteum

Trabecula

3D lattice, arranged along stress lines

Trabecula function

increase strength by decreasing mass for easier muscle movement

Red bone marrow location

Mostly in children; adults= skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

Red Bone Marrow function

produces blood cells

Yellow Bone Marrow

replaces red bone marrow, does not produce blood

ossteous tissue

connective tissue where matrix is hardened by calcium

Vertebrae bone type

irregular bone

Carpals

short bones

Medullary cavity

hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Diploe

bone tissue between 2 layers of compact bone and skull

Nutrient foramina

minute holes that allow blood vessels to penetrate into bone

Articular cartilage function

allows easier joint movements

Concentric lamelle

layers of matrix arranged around a central canal

Location of bone formation during endochondral ossification

Hyaline cartilage

Location of bone formation during intramembranous ossification

fibrous membranous sheet

metaphysis

transitional areas at the end of marrow cavities