Comprehensive Quarter Final Review

Vocabulary flashcards about funeral practices and beliefs from various cultures, with a focus on ancient Egypt.

Why did many disposition practices develop?

Fear and superstition about the dead.

Burial attempts

Protect the living from the dead and honor the deceased.

Pagan

A follower of a polytheistic religion or one outside the major world religions.

Aryan Tribes

Primitive tribe that practiced cremation and placing their dead in 'round Borrows'.

Aryans

Associated with 'round burrows'.

Calatians

Threw their dead to the dogs.

Balearians

Practiced cannibalism.

Balearians

Chopped up the flesh of their dead and preserved the meat for food.

Hebrews

Touching a corpse made one unclean.

Ancient Chinese

Practiced opening the windows allowing evil spirits to escape.

Romans

Buried their dead at night so as not to pollute the sunlight.

Hindus

Practice wife burning.

Tolling of the Bell

It is used to announce death and call to prayer in funerals today.

The Wake

Continued as visitation or viewing.

Candles at funerals

Symbolize eternal life and are used in modern services.

Walking around the deceased

Modern pass-by or viewing rituals.

Jews

Still practices turning mirrors to the wall.

Jews

Still practices covering or hiding pictures of the deceased.

Is embalming found outside of Egyptian text?

Referenced in other cultures including Greek and Hebrew writings.

Egyptians

Believed in the immortality of the soul.

Herodotus

Father of history.

Egyptians belief regarding the soul of man

It had to return to the body to achieve immortality.

Did the Egyptians believe that the body and soul would be reunified?

The body and soul would be reunified.

Osiris

Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead.

Mummy wrappings

Protection and preservation for the journey in the afterlife.

Osiris

Comparable to Dionysius in Greek thought.

Dionysius

Greek god of wine and fertility.

Set

God of evil in ancient Egyptian thought.

Set

Osiris’ evil brother.

Set

God over the desert, chaos and storms.

Isis

Goddess of nature and magic.

Isis

Wife of Osiris.

Isis

Goddess associated with rebirth.

Horus

Son of Osiris and Isis.

Trinity of Egyptian Cult of Osiris

Osiris, Isis, Horus.

Circle of necessity

A 3,000-year journey of the soul returning to the body for resurrection.

Seat of the intellect in ancient Egyptian thought

The heart (Ib).

HEART/IB in ancient Egyptian thought

Considered the seat of intelligence and emotion.

Egyptian religious necessity for embalming

To preserve the body for reunion with the soul in the afterlife.

Anubis

God of embalmers.

Anubis

God who protects the necropolis.

Secular reasons for burial in Egypt

Sanitation and protection from animals.

Expensive embalming in modern figures

$7,000 - $10,000.

Percentage of the ancient Egyptian population utilized the most expensive method of embalming

Approximately 2%.

First step in the most expensive method of embalming

Removal of the brain.

Second step in the most expensive method of embalming

Evisceration through an abdominal incision.

Instrument used to make the incision for removing the viscera

Ethiopic Stone.

Utilized for certain organs of the body

Canopic jars.

The four canopic jars named after

Hapi, Duamutef, Imset, Qebehsenuef.

Third step in the most expensive method of embalming

Covering the body in natron.

Natron

A naturally occurring salt used to dehydrate the body.

Fourth step in the most expensive method of embalming

Washing and anointing the body with oils.

Fifth step in the most expensive method of embalming

Wrapping the body in linen bandages.

Five steps of the most expensive embalming in order

1. Brain removal, 2. Evisceration, 3. Natron dehydration, 4. Anointing, 5. Bandaging.

Process of the “medium” priced embalming

Injection of cedar oil into the body cavity without evisceration.

Process of the least expensive form of embalming

Rinsing the body and placing it in a niche.

Percentage of the population utilized the least expensive form of embalming

Approximately 80%.

Roll did climate play in the preservation process in Egypt

The hot, dry climate aided in natural mummification.

Sarcophagus

A stone coffin, often decorated and used to house a mummy.

Anthropoid

Human-shaped coffin.

Portrait coffins

Coffins with likenesses or images of the deceased on them.

Highest on the social scale in Egyptian society

Pharaoh.

Supervised all the embalming and preparation activities

The priest or physician.

Physician or priest

Religious leaders responsible for rituals and oversight of embalming.

Direct supervision of the actual embalming process

Surgeon or chief embalmer.

Surgeon or “chief embalmer”

Person in charge of removing organs and managing body preparation.

Apothecary or Pharmacist do

Prepared oils, spices, and chemicals used in embalming.

Mixed the spices, oils and spirits used in the embalming process

Apothecary.

Applied the oils and spices to the body of the deceased

Pollinctors.

Pollinctors

Embalmers who anointed and wrapped the body.

Dissectors / Anatomist job

Dissected and removed organs.

Performed the evisceration and washing of the remains

Dissectors.

Role of the designer or painter

Decorated the coffin and added personal touches.

Role of the scribe or lawyer

Kept legal and religious records of the funeral.

Necropolis

City of the dead; a cemetery.

Walled city where body preparation took place

Necropolis.

Complete charge of the arrangements for the funeral procession

Kher-heb (priest/ritual leader).

Disposition practices develop

Out of fear and superstition about the dead.

Burial attempts did

Protect the living from the dead and honor the deceased.

Define pagan

A follower of a polytheistic religion or one outside the major world religions.

Which primitive tribe

Aryan Tribes practiced cremation and placing their dead in 'round Borrows'.

Which group of

Primitive man is associated with 'round burrows'.

Which group of

Primitive man threw their dead to the dogs.

Which group

Practiced cannibalism.

Which group of

Primitive man chopped up the flesh of their dead and preserved the meat for food.

Which group of

Primitive man believed that touching a corpse made one unclean.

Which group

Practiced opening the windows allowing evil spirits to escape.

Who

Buried their dead at night so as not to pollute the sunlight.

Which group

Practice wife burning.

How has the Tolling of the Bell

It is used to announce death and call to prayer in funerals today.

How has the wake

Continued as visitation or viewing.

How has the practice of candles

Symbolize eternal life and are used in modern services.

How has the practice of walking around the deceased

Modern pass-by or viewing rituals.

Which culture

Still practices turning mirrors to the wall?

Which culture

Still practices covering or hiding pictures of the deceased?

Is the concept of embalming found outside of Egyptian text?

Referenced in other cultures including Greek and Hebrew writings.

Who were the first to

Believed in the immortality of the soul?

Who is the

Father of history.

What did the Egyptians believe regarding the soul of man?

It had to return to the body to achieve immortality.

Did the Egyptians believe that

The body and soul would be reunified?