Bio - Test 2

carbin, hydrogen

what two molecules do organic molecules have?

functional group

What is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always have the same chemical properties, regardless of skeleton its attached to

polarity,  water solubility (hydrophilic), acidity / basicity, and the ability to participate in specific chemical rxns

what are some chemical properties functional groups help determine?

hydroxyl

what functional group: R group + O + H

• found in alcohol + sugars

carboxyl

R group + C + 2O + H

• polar and weakly acidic

• found in amino acids & fatty acids

amino

R group + N + 2H

• found in proteins

sulfhydryl

R group + S + H

• found in proteins

phosphate

R group + 4O + P + 2H

• found in ATP & nucleic acids

immediate energy, structure

what are the two functions of carbs?

monosaccharides

• energy molecules

• simple sugar (single molecule)

• 3-7 carbon backbone;

monossacharides

what form of a carb has a distinct 1C : 2H : 1O ratio?

glucose

• 6 carbon atoms

• two isomers: fructose and galactose

glucose

What is the preferred energy source for most organisms?

ribose, deoxyribose

5 carbon atoms; found in nucleic acids

dissacharides

two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration synthesis rxn

maltose, sucrose, lactose

what are some exxamples of dissacharides?

polysaccharides

polymers of monosaccharides, usually glucose

• func. As short-term energy storage; cannot pass thru plasma membrane

starch

plants store glucose as _____

glycogen

animals store glucose as _____ (in muscles)

cellulose

most abundant carb

• found in plant tissues

• held tg by hydrogen bonding to create fibers that criss cross for structural strength

chitin

each glucose subunit has an amino group attached

func: exoskeleton, antibacterial/antiviral, medicine

hydrophobic, insoluble

all lipids are…

long, nonpolar hydrocarbon tails

what makes lipids hydrophobic?

glycerol, fatty acids

fats and oils are made up of what two things bonding in a dehydration synthesis rxn?

glycerol

contains 3 —OH groups which are polar and soluble

fatty acids

long chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen w/Carboxyl at the end

unsaturated fatty acids

• double bonds in carbon chain

• most are liquid at room temp

saturated fatty acids

• no double bonds

• most are solid at room temp

triglyceride

molecule composed of glycerol backbone and three fatty acids

• makes up fats and oils

phospholipids

lipids that contain a phosphate functional group

polar head and 2 nonpolar tails (plasma membrane)

steroids

 lipids derived from cholesterol whose carbon skeleton is made up of four fused rings

• no fatty acids, but still insoluble

amino acids

what is the monomer of protein?

amino acid

central C bonded to H, an amino group, carboxyl group, & R group

peptide

what is formed when two amino acids join by dehydration synthesis rxn?

polypeptide

chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

3D shape

amino acid sequence determine’s a protein’s what?

support, metabolism, transport, defense, regulation, motion

what are the six functions of proteins?

support

protein function: structural

• ex: spiderwebs, keratin, collagen

metabolism

protein functions: enzyme

transport

protein function: channel and carrier proteins (in plasma membrane) allow substances to eneter/exit OR transport molecules in blood

• ex: hemoglobin

defense

protein functions: antibodies prevent infection of cells

regulation

protein function: hormones / intercellular messengers that influence metabolism

motion

protein function: contractile proteins allow muscles to contract and regulate body temp

actin, myonin

what are the contractile proteins?

primary

protein structure: a protein’s sequence of amino acids

secondary

protein structure: portions of amino acid chain take on a certain orientation in space

• ex: alpha helices of Beta pleated sheets

tertiary

protein structure: protein’s overall 3D shape; final lvl for proteins w/ one chain

quaternary

protein structure: how the individual polypeptide chains interact; 2+ linked polypeptide chains 

denature

what is the breaking down and inactivation of a protein (loses its function)?

environmental conditions such as pH and temp

what are major causes of protein denaturization?

nucleotides

what is the monomer of nucleic acids?

a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar, and a N containing base

all nucleotides have what three things?

genes

sequences of nucleotides make ____

double helix four

genetic info is stored on a ____ ____ backbone and ____ bases

genetic info

____ ____ helps make proteins

DNA: A & T, C & G

RNA: A & U, C & G

what are the base pairs of DNA and RNA?

all living organisms are made up of cells

cells are the most basic units of life

all cells come from preexisting cells

what are the three main parts of cell theory

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA

all cells have what three things?

flagella

cell organelle: tail-like appendage

• allows bacteria to propel itself

• moves in rotary motion

cilia

cell organelle: hair-like projection from cell that allows it to move & sense

centrosome

organelle: barrel-shaped microtubule organizing center of cells

centriole

organelle:

• in pairs located inside centrosome

• helps organize mitotic spindle for cell division

• only in animals

microtubule

organelle: small, hollow tubes for maintaining cell shape

chloroplast

organelle: site of photosynthesis and carb formation

vacuole

organelle: large, membranous sac specialized for storage (of waste and water), contraction, digestion, etc.

lysosome

organelle: vesicle that contains enzymes that break down incoming molecules and cellular components

golgi apparatus

organelle:

• receives vesicles from rough and smooth ER

• modifies them

• sorts, packages, and transports them

smooth ER

organelle:

• endomembrane system organelle where lipids are synthesized

• detoxifies some chemicals

• forms transport vesicles

rough ER

organelle:

• component of endomembrane system that has ribosomes attached

• synthesizes proteins (defines shape & func.)

• refines them in the lumen

• forms transport proteins

ribosome

organelle: where polypeptides and proteins are made

mitochondria

organelle:

• site of cellular respiration

• break down carbs and organic molecule to produce ATP

nucleus

organelle:

• contains genetic material (DNA)

• ribosome synthesis occurs at nucleolus

nuclear envelope

organelle: double membrane that surrounds nucleus

nuclear pore

organelle: pore that allows substances to pass between nucleus and cytoplasm

nucleolus

organelle: in nucleus

• dark, spherical

• produces rRNA that proteins join with to form subunits of ribosomes

chromatin

organelle: 

• network of fibrils of DNA and proteins in nucleus

• condenses and coils into chromosomes

nucleoid

organelle: region in prokaryotic cell where DNA is found

chloroplasts

organelle:

• use solar energy to synthesize carbs

• found in plants and algae

stroma

organelle: inner space of chloroplast that contains mixture of enzymes and thylakoids

thylakoids

organelle: lumens (inside) of thylakoid sacs form a large internal compartment

cristae

organelle: inner membrane folds

matrix

organelle:  inside space of mitochondria

• highly concentrated mixture of enzymes

cellular respiration

complete breakdown of carbs

• O needed, CO2 produced

protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

what kingdoms are eukaryotic?

rough ER, smooth ER, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, vesicles

what organelles make up the endomembrane system?

endomembrane system

collection of membranous structures involved in transport within cell

microtubules, filaments

what makes up the cytoskeleton system?

cytoskeleton system

internal framework of cell that maintains cell shape and allows cell and organelles to move

microtubule

organelle: small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core

• radiate from centrosome

• present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella

intermediate filaments

organelle: support nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane

actin filaments

organelle: long, thin, helical filaments that support plasma membrane and projections of cell

motor proteins

organelle: allow cellular movements to occur and move vesicles and organelles within the cell

plasma membrane

organelle: phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded

polar phosphate heads (pointed opposite directions), nonpolar fatty acid tails point towards each other (away from the water)

what does the plasma membrane bilayer contain?

cholesterol

____ molecules give plasma membrane consistency of olive oil

glycoproteins

short chains of sugar attached to the outer surface of some proteins on plasma membrane.

fluid mosaic model

plasma membrane shape

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport

in what three ways can the plasma membrane be crossed?

oxygen and carbon dioxide

what small, nonpolar molecules can pass through plasma membrane freely?

channel proteins

plasma membrane protein:

form tunnel across membrane; allow few molecules to move thru membrane

• ex: aquaporins