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What are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation?
Electron transport chain and ATP synthase.
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen (O2), which becomes reduced to water (H2O).
What generates the electrochemical gradient in oxidative phosphorylation?
Proton pumping by Complexes I, III, and IV.
What is the yield of ATP in aerobic respiration compared to fermentation?
Aerobic respiration yields a maximum of 38 ATP, while fermentation yields 2 ATP.
What are methanogens and what do they produce?
Methanogens are archaea that produce methane (CH4) by reducing carbon dioxide (CO2).
What is the final electron acceptor used by yeast in fermentation?
Pyruvate, which is reduced to ethanol (alcohol).
What is the primary purpose of glycolysis in fermentation?
To generate ATP and NADH in the absence of oxygen.
What occurs during muscle fermentation when oxygen is depleted?
Pyruvate is reduced to lactate.
What is the impact of methane produced by methanogens in cows?
Methane is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.
Why do cells switch to anaerobic respiration when aerobic respiration is more efficient?
To produce ATP when oxygen is lacking, especially during intense exercise.
