Studied by 0 peopleWe believe that the earliest forms of life had only a single cell with no internal organelles. If organisms A is a single cell with no organelles and organism B is multi-cellular and has mitochondria, a biologist would say that organism A has ____________ traits as compared with organism B.
Ancestral
Prof. von Fischer's grandmother used to sort her buttons. She had two button cabinets: one for cloth-covered buttons, and one for solid buttons. Within each cabinet, there were drawers for buttons of each size. On a drawer, there were cups into which the buttons of similar colors were contained. This type of system for classifying buttons using a hierarchical, nested system could best be described as a:
Taxonomy
In 1967, biologist Lynn Margulis published a paper that had been rejected by 15 journals. Her radical idea was that the mitochondria and chloroplast organelles found in eukaryotes could trace their evolutionary history to symbiotic bacteria living within ancestral eukaryotic cells. This evolutionary hypothesis is now well accepted, and is known as the:
Endosymbiotic Theory
Does evolutionary change only add traits or does it sometimes lead to loss of traits too?
Evolutionary change can both add traits and cause them to be lost
Even though fish and whales both have an aquatic body shape and habitat, they appear in separate places in the tree of life because:
Other traits reveal that they have different evolutionary histories
The movement of bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another by a virus is known as:
Transduction
Over time, the __________ on the outer surface of influenza can change, either due to sloppy replication, or due to gene exchange when multiple strains of influenza infect the same host.
Antigens
This resting stage can be formed by some bacterial groups when they encounter stress. In this form, they can remain inactive for a long time, then become active again when conditions improve.
Endospore
Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram developed a technique for staining bacteria that posses a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. When this stain sticks to one of these bacteria, they are said to be Gram positive. Medical doctors are usually happy to discover that a patient is infected with a gram positive bacterium because:
The infection is more likely to respond to antibiotic treatment
Emily did extra reading about Botulism. She learned that it is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin that is released from a pathogen that infects the body. This pathogen can grow in spoiled food, which is why she no longer eats tuna salad sandwiches from gas stations or airport vending machines. Botulism is caused by a:
Bacterium
This disease is caused by a bacterial infection in the lungs.
Tuburculosis
This group of bacteria is photosynthetic, and is commonly found in both marine and freshwater. When nutrient pollution provides abundant nitrogen and phosphorus to the water, their population can get very high, causing "blooms".
Cyanobacteria
Which of the following factors limits our understanding of prokaryotic diversity?
Their small sizeThe tremendous difficulty of culturing and studying each type in the labTheir extremely high diversity
The Polio virus attacks nerve cells, hepatitis attacks the liver, and HIV attacks white blood cells. How does each virus "know" which cell to attack?
The viruses key in on certain cell-surface molecules that are characteristic of each cell type
Multicellularity is thought to have evolved in which clade?
Eukaryotes
Mitosis is thought to have evolved in which clade?
Eukaryotes
Aardvarks are not protists, but they are members of which supergroup?
Opisthokonta
The Foraminifera are notable for leaving behind
geologic limestone features
Which of the following organisms is part of the SAR clade?
DiatomsBrown AlgaeParamecium
Land plants are in the same supergroup as the colonial organism Volvox.
True
In fungi, cell division always follows mitosis
False
The open pore between adjacent hyphae cells allows for
Cytoplasmic streaming
The earliest fossil plants often show evidence of symbiosis with
arbuscular mycorrhizae
A key reproductive structure for members of this clade is the conidia, which is the terminal hyphal cell that can break off and become a spore.
Ascomycota
This fungal phylum has the #1 greatest diversity
Ascomycetes
Members of this fungal phylum are often found in the guts of ruminants, where they aid digestion of cellulose.
Neocallimastigomycetes
How does Trypanosomes cruzi avoid the immune system of its host?
has highly variable surface glycoprotein coat
Toxoplasma is a pathogen that typically only causes significant damage to immunocompromised people. One concerning case happens in developing fetuses, who can be infected if the pregnant mother gets Toxoplasma infection from a cat litter box. Which clade of life does Toxoplasma fall into?
SAR
These pathogenic fungi are notable for producing a polar tube that can pierce a host cell, allowing the pathogen to inject its infectious content into the host cell.
Microsporidia
Which of the following is a benefit of being haploid?
Which of the following is a benefit of being haploid?
Which of the following is a derived trait of land plants?
Walled spores in sporangiaMulticellular reproductive structures (gametangia)Alternation of generations & multicellular dependent embryos
Which of the following clades of land plants does not have a vascular system?
Bryophytes
In all land plants, the zygote grows up into the
sporophyte
When gametes come together during ________________, their joining leads to production of a zygote.
Fertilization
In what kind of environments is self-fertilization evolutionarily favored?
Stable
In Angiosperms, the endosperm is derived from a sperm nucleus joining nuclei from which cells?
Polar nuclei
Although angiosperms generally produce embryos during sexual reproduction, some plants can produce embryos asexually. This process is known as
apomixis
A plant that can continue growing year after year is called
Perennial
True or false: some angiosperms are still pollinated by wind.
True
True or false: ferns produce seeds
False
The bud at the end of a stem is called a(n) ______ .
Apical bud
The root apical meristem is protected by the
Root cap
These cells control the movement of CO2 and water vapor in and out of the leaf
Guard cells
Which of the following cell types has a living, functional membrane?
Sieve tubes
Which of the following is true about meristem cells?
They have large nuclei
Which structure directly connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells?
Plasmodesmata
The star indicates a turgid vacuole. It is turgid because:
Potassium has been pumped into the vacuole
Where is the force generated that causes water to move up the plant through the xylem?
Water re-wetting the cell wall of internal leaf cells
This plant hormone allows cell elongation and organizes the body plan.
Auxin
If you wanted to increase the turgor pressure of a particular target cell, which of the following actions would help achieve that?
Increasing the salt content of that target cell
The main effect of aquaporins is to:
Increase the bulk flow of water
What structure transports minerals from the soil all the way up to leaves?
Xylem
The epidermis of young roots are not covered in cutin, as leaves are. Thus, the cell walls of root hairs become soaked in all the chemicals that are present in the soil water. There can be toxins or other undesirable chemicals in the soil water! What structure prevents these toxins from directly soaking their way into the root xylem?
Casparian strip
Animals (Metazoa) are _________, but choanoflagellates are NOT.
multicellular
Sponges have primarily intracellular digestion.
True
Cnidarians are ___________.
radially symmetrical
Cnidarians have:
two layers of true tissues
Nematocytes are cells found in cnidarians that are primarily used for:
capturing prey
Which of the following develops into the lining of the gut?
Endoderm
Deuterostomes are characterized by [ Select ] ["deuteral cleavage", "spiral cleavage", "radial cleavage", "axial cleavage"] and the development of the blastopore into the[ Select ] ["mouth", "lining of the gut", "anus"] .
radial cleavage, anus
Bivalves are mollusks. Most bivalves are:
filter-feeders
Which of the classes of arthropod is the most successful and diverse?
Hexapoda
Arthropods are characterized by segmentation, a chitinous exoskeleton, and:
jointed appendages
The water-vascular system is found in ------- and functions primarily for ------- .
echinoderms, movement
Which of the following are characteristics of lancelets (phylum Cephalochordata)? Choose all that apply.
notochord as an adulthollow nerve cordfilter feeders
The main evolutionary innovation present in sharks and the other Osteichthyes that distinguishes them from hagfish and lampreys is:
Jaws!
What is the main function of the lateral line system?
sensing water pressure and direction
Most fishes are:
Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)
Dinoflagellates in the Symbiodinium genus form a mutualism with corals and other cnidarians in many shallow, warm-water coral reefs. What is the ecological role of Symbiodinium?
Symbiodinium is an important primary producer.
A jellyfish is
Deuterostome
An octopus is
neither a protostome nor a deuterostome
A wolf spider is
Protostome
Lophophore
Horseshoe shaped ring of tentacles for feeeding
Trochophore
Free-swimming larva with a ring of cilia
Where did a lung-like structure evolve?
In the ancestor of the bony fishes and the rest of the groups to the right of bony fishes on the phylogenetic tree.
Some lizards supplement their oxygen supply by using cutaneous respiration. Think about the physical characteristics of lizards and other squamates. Where do you think cutaneous respiration could take place in lizards?
across the lining of the mouth
Ecologically, amphibians are most often:
predators
Which of the following types of respiration are common in amphibian adults?
both lungs and cutaneous respiration
Which of the following statements is accurate?
Anurans (frogs and toads) - amphibians without tails.
Which of the following is one of the 3 main adaptations that amniotes possess, and why is it an advantage over their closest relatives?
Dry skin reduces water loss.
What kind of heart do lizards have?
a heart with a partially divided ventricle
One of the most critical adaptations of the reptiles in relation to their life on land is the evolution of the
amniotic egg.
The closest relative of birds is:
crocodilians
Monotremes differ from the other mammals in their
laying of shelled eggs.
Mammals are the only vertebrates to possess
hair
All mammals have hair, mammary glands, and a placenta.
True
Which of the following groups only has one currently living species, and what trait is characteristic of this group and separates it from its close relatives? Select one group name, and one trait, from the options below. (You will select 2 answers in total.)
Hominin, bipedalism
It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded. As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The __________ of his fingers grips the ball. His __________ sends instructions that trigger his __________ to contract. His __________ provides stability and transmits the force produced.
epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue
Connective tissue includes adipose tissue, tendons, bone, cartilage, and blood. What do all these tissues have in common?
They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material.
Gelatin is made from collagen, which can be extracted from adipose tissue and other tissues. Adipose tissue contains a lot of ground substance and widely scattered protein fibers. Adipose tissue is:
loose connective tissue
Which type of tissue is often derived from the endoderm?
Epithelial tissue
The cells that line your digestive system, and absorb nutrients, are:
Epithelial Cells
Cells that line the walls of your capillaries are:
simple squamous
The glands of vertebrates are derived from __________ epithelium.
invaginated
If the connection between a gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct, the gland is called a(n) __________ gland.
exocrine
A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they?
Skeletal muscle
Neuroglia, including glial cells, function to:
provide support functions to neurons
In addition to the senses of vision, taste, smell, hearing, and touch, we also have a sense called proprioception. It tells us the position of our bodies, based in part on stretch receptors in muscles. Proprioceptors are part of the __________ nervous system.
peripheral
Which of the following is required to detach myosin from actin?
ATP
The movement of actin and myosin fibers in a muscle contraction contains all of the following steps except
myosin rolls up from one end, forming a ball.
Note
Flashcard