WEEK 12 LECTURE 3

Flashcards reviewing lecture notes on alternative perspectives on developmental topics, focusing on self-control, cultural differences, and media influence.

What does delaying gratification predict?

Academic success, socio-emotional competence, and health.

What task is used to measure delaying gratification?

The marshmallow task.

What do executive function and self-control processes regulate?

Goal-directed behaviors in the face of temptations or distractions.

What habits support delaying gratification?

Culturally specific habits.

In the study, children in Japan delayed gratification longer for what reward?

Food

In the study, children in the United States delayed gratification longer for what reward?

Gifts

What encourages decisions to exercise inhibitory control, promoting effortless inhibition?

Sociocultural contexts

Engagement in what behaviors improves children's executive functioning and ability to delay gratification?

Ritualistic behaviors

What does the surprise-mark test investigate?

Self-recognition

What does the surprise-mark test suggest about toddlers?

That they pass the mark test based on expectations about what they look like, not restricted to the face.

What is a key difference in self-concept development between Western and non-Western toddlers?

Non-Western toddlers may develop self-concept later due to parenting strategies that may not foster autonomy.

How do independent cultures conceive of the self?

As a distinct and autonomous individual.

How do interdependent cultures conceive of the self?

In relation to others.

What may bias Western MSR performance?

The Western orientation of recognizing the self as distinct from others.

What does cross-cultural studies highlight about the measurement of self-awareness?

It is inextricably bound with the context of our development.

What type of programs are heavily linked to commercially available products?

Product-based programs.

What are common characteristics of product-based programs?

Few main characters, highly gender-stereotyped, and action-adventure themes.

What type of programs are condition 3 in Fletcher & Nielsen's 2012 study?

Neutral Programs

Define para-social relationships.

Emotionally tinged relationships with media characters that parallel real social relationships.

Name three characteristics of para-social relationships.

Character personification, social realism, and attachment.

What are the three key attributes of PSR (Para-Social Relationships)?

Character Personification, social realism, Attachment

What does research capture?

General trends

What two factors are researched through the lens of Parasocial relationships?

Parasocial interaction and Parasocial relationships

Fill in the blank. _ highlights the necessity of recognising that the measurement of self-awareness is inextricably bound with the context of our development

Cross-cultural studies

What does cultural differences in MSR mean?

Most Western children pass the mirror self-recognition test between 18 to 24 months, but the majority of non-Western toddlers of similar age (18 to 20 months) failed to display self-oriented behaviour

According to Keller et al. (2004, 2005), non-Western toddlers may develop ___ later than Western toddlers

Self-concept

What is needed in order to be accepted into social groups?

individuals must internalize and reproduce appropriate group conventions, such as rituals.

Are individual differneces typically noted in scientific studies?

No, but research captures general trends

What is the core component of independent cultures?

the self as a distinct and autonomous individual.

What is the core component of interdependent cultures?

the self in relation to others.