APES-Unit 9: Global Change

-Review -AP Classroom MCQ -Test -Knowt Flashcards

Fertilizer use

________ is the primary source of nitrous oxide emissions.

Higher air temperatures

________ have been proven to result in higher incidences of heat- related deaths caused by cardiovascular disease, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, hyperthermia, and diabetes.

Dutch elm disease

________ is transmitted to elm trees by elm bark beetles — killing over half of them elm trees in the northern US.

commercial fisheries

European green crabs found their way into the San Francisco Bay area in 1989 threatening __________.

global climate

As the oceans store a large amount of heat, even small changes in these currents can have a large and lasting effect on the ________.

Water hyacinth

It forms dense mats, reducing sunlight for submerged plants and aquatic organisms, crowding out native aquatic plants, and clogging waterways and intake pipes.

Zebra mussels

They can attach to almost any hard surface—clogging water intake and discharge pipes, attaching themselves to boat hulls and docks, and even attaching to native mussels and crayfish.

thermal expansion

The amount of energy absorbed and stored by the oceans has an important role in the rise of sea levels due to _____.

Arctic

The _____ region is a large natural source of methane.

stratosphere

Volcanic gases that reach the ______ have a long-term effect on climate.

tectonic plates

The movement of _______ causes volcanoes and mountains to form, which can also contribute to changes in the climate

mosquitoes

Due to global warming, ______ have more places to breed, which increases malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and yellow fever rates.

Antarctica

The main ice-covered landmass is ________ at the South Pole, with about 90% of the world’s ice and 70% of its freshwater.

50%

The total surface area of glaciers worldwide has decreased _____ since the end of the 19th century.

Sea-level rise

________ threatens to inundate many coastal wetlands, threatening biota that cannot move inland due to coastal development.

absorb

As the oceans _______ more heat from the atmosphere, sea surface temperatures rise and ocean circulation patterns change.

store

As the oceans _____ a large amount of heat, even small changes in these currents can have a large and lasting effect on the global climate.

carbon dioxide

The world’s oceans contain more _______ than the atmosphere.

methane

Agricultural activities, waste management, and energy use all contribute to _______ emissions.

nitrous oxide

Fertilizer use is the primary source of _________ emissions.

infrared radiation

When sunlight strikes Earth’s surface, some of it is reflected back toward space as ________ (heat).

Greenhouse gases

It absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere.

global warming

Due to ________, mosquitoes have more places to breed, which increases malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and yellow fever rates.

Ocean currents

________ carry heat around the Earth.

Atomic oxygen

________ can combine with oxygen molecules to form ozone.

Stratosphere

Contains approximately 97% of the ozone in the atmosphere, and most of it lies between 9 and 25 miles (15-40 km) above Earths surface

UVA

It is closest to blue light in the visible spectrum and is the form of ultraviolet radiation that usually causes skin tanning

UVB

It causes blistering sunburns and is associated with skin cancer

UVC

It is found only in the stratosphere and is largely responsible for the formation of ozone

Ozone Layer

A belt of naturally occurring ozone gas that sits between 9 and 19 miles (15-30 km) above Earth and serves as a shield from the harmful ultraviolet B radiation emitted by the sun

Ozone

A highly reactive molecule and is constantly being formed and broken down in the stratosphere

Chlorofluorocarbons

These are nonflammable chemicals that contain atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine

Halocarbons (halons)

These are organic chemical molecules that are composed of at least one carbon atom with one or more halogen atoms; the most common halogens are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine

Agriculture

Mostly comes from the management of agricultural soils

Commercial and residential buildings

On-site energy generation and burning fuels for heat in buildings or cooking in homes

Energy supply

The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions

Industry

Primarily involves fossil fuels burned on-site at facilities for energy; cement manufacturing also contributes significant amounts of CO2 gas

Land use and forestry

It includes deforestation of old-growth forests (carbon sinks), land clearing for agriculture, strip-mining, fires, and the decay of peat soils

Transportation

It involves fossil fuels that are burned for road, rail, air, and marine transportation

Waste and wastewater

Landfill and wastewater methane (CH4), and incineration as a method of waste management

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

It is an important heat-trapping (greenhouse) gas, and is released through human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels, as well as natural processes such as respiration and volcanic eruptions

Fluorinated gases

Industrial processes, refrigeration, and the use of a variety of consumer products all contribute to this gases, which include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

Black carbon (soot)

It is a solid particle or aerosol, not a gas, but it also contributes to the warming of the atmosphere

Ocean acidification

It occurs when atmospheric carbon dioxide reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid,

Kyoto Protocol (2005)

A plan created by the United Nations to reduce the effects of climate change, which results in a reduction in the pH of ocean water over an extended period of time

Montreal Protocol (1987)

An international treaty designed to phase out the production of substances that are responsible for ozone depletion

Paris Agreement (2016)

It deals with greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation

Adaptation

The ability to survive in changing environmental conditions

Acclimatization

The process by which an individual organism adjusts to a gradual change in its environment allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions

Invasive species

These are animals and plants that are transported to any area where they do not naturally live

Endangered Species

A species considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild

Which is classified as an infectious disease?

I. Pneumonia
II. Malaria
III. Measles

A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. I and III
E. I, II, and III

E. I, II, and III

Risk assessment is...

The scientific process of using statistical methods to estimate how much harm a particular hazard can cause to human health or to the environment.

A pathogen is a/an...

Organism that can cause disease in another organism

The atmospheric layer where ozone is helpful is

Stratosphere

Brown urban smog it is not emitted directly from specific sources, but formed in the atmosphere from nitrogen oxides and...

Volatile organic compounds (VOC)

Photochemical smog is formed when primary pollutants interact with...

Sunlight

______, a highly toxic pollutant, was phased out of gasoline in the U.S. during the 1970's

Lead

Which of the following is not one of the results of the UV filtering effect of the ozone layer?

a. Allows human and other forms of life to exist on land
b. Protects human from sunburn
c. Protects our immune system from damage
d. Prevents the formation of photochemical ozone near the ground
e. Reduces the amount of water vapor in the troposphere

E. Reduces the amount of water vapor in the troposphere

Harmful chemicals emitted directly into the air from natural processes and human activities are called

primary pollutants

Which of the following is not one of the major air pollutants?

a. Suspended particulate matter
b. Sulfur dioxide
c. Nitrogen oxides
d. Formaldehyde
e. Ozone

D. Formaldehyde

What is the difference between point and nonpoint source water pollution?

Point sources can be targeted for reduction

A secondary pollutant:

Forms in the stratosphere

How do CFCs affect ozone production?

UV radiation frees a chlorine atom, which breaks down ozone

Acid rain, snow, fog, and cloud vapor typically have a pH of...

5.6

The biggest air pollution threat to poor people is

indoor air pollution

All of the following are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), except

carbon monoxide

Which of the following would NOT be a reason for sick building syndrome?

a. Faulty ventilation systems
b. Emissions from carpets and furniture
c. Contamination from outdoor air
d. Contamination from molds and pollen
e. CFC's

C. Contamination from outdoor air

Sick Building Syndrome is linked to all of the following, except

a. Headaches
b. Coughing and sneezing
c. Lung cancer
d. Inability to concentrate
e. Skin irritation

C. Lung cancer

Climate Change would most likely have the greatest impact on which of the following groups of species

Organisms in extreme environments

Which is not considered to be a greenhouse gas?

a. Carbon dioxide
b. Water vapor
c. Nitrogen
d. Nitrous oxide
e. Methane

C. Nitrogen

Which of the following organizations was created by the UN to monitor, understand, and estimate the global impact of climate change?

a. Montreal Protocol
b. EPA
c. IUCN
d. IPCC
e. Peace Corps

D. IPCC

A thermal (temperature) inversion, which can lead to serious pollution events, occurs when:

Cool air stays close to the surface and is blanketed by a layer of warm air that traps pollutants

A good indicator of water quality is the number of:

coliform bacteria

Agricultural and sewage runoffs cause harmful algal blooms, with the algal blobs causing all of the following except:

a. release waterborne and airborne toxins
b. poison seafood.
c. decrease agricultural yields
d. kill some fish-eating birds
e. reduce tourism

C. Decrease agricultural yields

Which is a type of wastewater?

I. Sewage from toilets
II. Water from showering and bathing
III. Water from washing clothes

a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and II
e. I, II, and III

E. I, II, and III

Primary treatment in a sewage plant is designed to:

Remove solids from wastewater

Which of the following types of sewage treatment are properly matched?

a. Primary—biological process
b. Secondary—mechanical process
c. Advanced—physical and chemical processes
d. Secondary—chemical process
e. Primary—chemical process

E. Primary — chemical process

In a septic tank system, which of the following is not true?

a. Wastewater is pumped into a settling tank
b. Grease and oil rise to the top in the tank
c. Solids are decomposed by bacteria
d. Bacteria-treated waste is discharged in an absorption field
e. After leaving the absorption field, wastewater is cleaned and can be used again for human consumption

e. After leaving the absorption field, wastewater is cleaned and can be used again for human consumption.

Which U.S. legislation empowers the EPA to establish maximum contaminant levels in drinking water?

The Safe Drinking Water Act

In order from the most to least desirable, what do the 3 R's stand for?

A. Recycle, Reuse, Reduce
B. Recycle, Reduce, Reuse
C. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
D. Reduce, Recycle, Reuse
E. Reuse, Reduce, Recycle

C. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Which is an environmental benefit of recycling aluminum?

I. Reduces the effects on the land from mining
II. Reduces the effects of leaching in landfills
III. Reduces the energy required to transport and process mined ore

A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. I and III
E. I, II and III

E. I, II and III

if the Us produces approx 40 million US tons of hazardous waste annually and only about 5% is recycled, what amount of waste that must be disposed of according to hazardous waste protocol remains?

38 million tons

_____ are engineered ground facilities designed to hold municipal solid waste with as little contamination of the surrounding environment as possible.

Sanitary landfills

Which US legislation is designed to track hazardous waste from cradle to grave?

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

The Superfund Act:

A. Taxes chemical and petroleum industries who have polluted the environment
B. Funds the cleanup of contaminated abandoned and nonoperating hazardous waste sites
C. B only
D. A only
E. Both A and B

E. Both A and B

Of the following methods of dealing with hazardous wastes, the most desirable is:

A. Incineration
B. Recycling and reusing hazardous wastes
C. Conversion to less hazardous materials
D. Deposit in ocean trenches
E. Burying

C. Conversion to less hazardous materials

Assess the likelihood that animal waste is contaminating the water. Discuss the scientific basis of your assessment.

It is highly probable that there is animal waste contaminating the stream. In comparison to the amounts of dissolved oxygen and the phosphate, the amount of nitrate drastically increases from before the river begins to flow into the farm until after it begins to flow away from the farm. The increase of nitrate shows the presence of animal waste, considering the fact that animal waste is high in nitrates.

Describe two additional tests that could be used in monitoring the quality of the water in the stream. For each test, describe the patterns you would expect from sites A through D.

Besides just testing the quality of the water itself, the overall presence of biological life in the river at each test point could be examined. Specifically, the amount of fish or insects in or near the river could be tested, and the results could be obviously seen if the amount of life at test site A was drastically higher than the amount of life at test sites B, C, etc.

Another test besides examining the water itself or the river for biological life is to utilize coliform bacteria, since it tests and identifies waste. It would make sense for there to be less coliform bacteria at site A, but more and more as the students test further and further downstream at sites B, C, etc.

Describe a sequence of ecological changes that might result from the discharge of animal waste into a body of water.

Introducing animal waste into a body of water allows for nitrates to also enter the water. Due to the new nitrates, algal blooms can occur, which means an increased amount of dissolved oxygen, but also blocks the sunlight that the species that live deeper into the river would normally receive.

The Clean Water Act was first passed in the United States in 1972 and has been amended several times since then. Describe two specific provisions of this legislation that would be likely to apply to the quality of the stream water.

• Control the amount of pollution that can get into the U.S's waterways
• Obtain the information about the water quality levels that are safe enough to safely fish in and swim in

Calculate the volume, in m3, of each of the following:
(i) The water infiltrated through the landfill per year

200 mm rain × 1 m/1,000 m = 0.2 m rain

(II) the leachate that is treated per year

1,000 m3 × 0.9 (90%) = 900 m3

Given that the cadmium concentration in the water draining from the landfill is 2.0 g/m3, calculate the mass, in kg, of cadmium that is released into the surrounding soil per year.

(diagram one horizontal line with two vertical lines) - 100 m^3 drainage water/1 year in the first column
- 0.2 g Cd / 1 m^3 in the second column
- 1 kg / 1,000 g in the third column
- all equal to 0.2 kg Cd/year

What is the annual cost of treating the leachate from the drainage system?

(diagram one horizontal line with one vertical line)
- 900 m^3 treatable leachate in the first column
- $10 / 1 m^3 leachate in second column
- all equal to $9,000 per year

Discuss TWO viable methods for reducing the amount of cadmium entering the municipal waste input.

- disposal options: sort waste stream for products with cadmium -> drop products off at dropoff/recycling site or return to manufacturer

- new/substitute technology or alternate materials: avoid use of cadmium products by using rechargeable batteries or by applying new technology and/or alternate materials that do not use cadmium

difficultie

educating publig about which products contain cadmium
providing effecient systems for pic up

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are human-made chemicals that have been used as temporary replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigerants because they decompose more readily in the atmosphere and thus pose less of a threat to Earth's protective ozone layer. Levels of HCFCs have been measured in the stratosphere, and the concentrations of many different HCFCs have been steadily increasing since the mid- to late 1990s.

One important drawback of the use of HCFCs as a replacement for CFCs is that HCFCs

C) are greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change

Correct. HCFCs are greenhouse gases with a global warming potential (GWP) in the range of 70 to almost 2000 over a 100-year period.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are human-made chemicals that have been used as temporary replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigerants because they decompose more readily in the atmosphere and thus pose less of a threat to Earth's protective ozone layer. Levels of HCFCs have been measured in the stratosphere, and the concentrations of many different HCFCs have been steadily increasing since the mid- to late 1990s.

HCFCs were originally introduced as a solution to help phase out the use of CFCs. Which of the following most likely contributed to the increased levels of HCFCs in the stratosphere over the past 30 years?

D) Leaking of refrigeration and air-conditioning units

Correct. The increase of HCFCs in the atmosphere can be attributed to the increased use of HCFCs as substitutes for CFCs as refrigerants, air-conditioning fluids, and other solvents or cleaning agents. Once the use of HCFCs was encouraged to help phase out CFCs and other ozone-depleting gases, HCFC concentrations rose rapidly.

Since 1901, the sea level across the globe has risen over 20cm20cm. The change in sea level can be affected by land movement. Land movement itself can be caused by subsiding coastal lands, oil and water extraction, and plate tectonics. The diagram shows the relative sea level rise at various coastal locations in the United States from 1960 to 2014.
Based on the information in the map, which areas in the United States have experienced the greatest sea level rise?

A) The Northeast and the Gulf of Mexico

Correct. According to the map, the greatest increases are along the east coast (especially the Northeast) and in the Gulf of Mexico (especially in Texas and Louisiana).