Here’s a set of flashcards based on the material you’ve shared. The questions (front) are followed by answers (back). You can use these for study purposes. Flashcard Set: Developmental Psychology and Psychopathology Flashcard 1 Q: What are reflexes in newborns, and why are they important? A: Reflexes are unlearned responses triggered by specific stimuli. Some have survival value (e.g., rooting, sucking), while others, like stepping, are developmental precursors to later motor skills. Reflexes also reflect the health of the nervous system. Flashcard 2 Q: What is the Apgar score, and what do its levels indicate? A: The Apgar score assesses a newborn’s physical condition based on five factors (breathing, heartbeat, muscle tone, reflexes, skin tone). • 7+: Good condition. • 4–6: Needs special attention. • 3 or less: Life-threatening condition. Flashcard 3 Q: Define temperament and describe Rothbart’s three dimensions. A: Temperament refers to consistent behavioral patterns in infants. 1. Surgency/extroversion: Active, happy, seeks stimulation. 2. Negative affect: Angry, fearful, not easily soothed. 3. Effortful control: Focused, not easily distracted. Flashcard 4 Q: What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and what are its risk factors? A: SIDS is the sudden death of a healthy baby. Risk factors include: • Premature birth/low weight. • Sleeping on the stomach. • Parental smoking. • Overheating. Flashcard 5 Q: What is Erikson’s psychosocial theory, and name its first three stages. A: Erikson’s theory focuses on resolving conflicts across eight life stages. 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth–1 year): Develop trust in caregivers. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame (1–3 years): Develop independence. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3–6 years): Explore and try new things. Flashcard 6 Q: What are the main types of intelligence in Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences? A: Gardner proposed eight intelligences: 1. Linguistic 2. Logical-mathematical 3. Musical 4. Spatial 5. Bodily-kinesthetic 6. Interpersonal 7. Intrapersonal 8. Naturalist Flashcard 7 Q: What are fluid and crystallized intelligence? How do they change with age? A: • Fluid intelligence: Problem-solving and adaptability (declines with age). • Crystallized intelligence: Knowledge from experience (improves with age). Flashcard 8 Q: What is Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence? A: Sternberg’s theory includes: 1. Practical intelligence: Adapting to environment. 2. Creative intelligence: Dealing with novel tasks. 3. Analytic intelligence: Problem-solving and critical thinking. Flashcard 9 Q: How does emotional intelligence (EI) contribute to well-being? A: EI involves recognizing, differentiating, and managing emotions in oneself and others. It increases with age and improves decision-making, relationships, and subjective well-being. Flashcard 10 Q: Describe the Flynn Effect. A: The Flynn Effect is the observed rise in average IQ scores over decades, likely due to better education, improved nutrition, and enhanced living conditions. Flashcard 11 Q: What is the cumulative-deficit hypothesis? A: This hypothesis suggests that impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth, with the negative effects compounding over time. Flashcard 12 Q: What are the main goals of early intervention in developmental psychopathology? A: Early intervention aims to: 1. Stabilize symptoms. 2. Treat co-occurring problems. 3. Provide social and educational support. Flashcard 13 Q: How do infants perceive depth, and what experiment demonstrates this ability? A: Infants develop depth perception by around 6–7 months, as shown in the visual cliff experiment. Crawling infants avoid the “cliff,” demonstrating fear of depth. Flashcard 14 Q: What is resilience, and how can it protect against psychopathology? A: Resilience is the ability to adapt and thrive despite adversity. Protective factors include supportive relationships, problem-solving skills, and positive school environments. Flashcard 15 Q: What are primary and secondary control beliefs? A: • Primary control: Acting on the external world to achieve goals. • Secondary control: Adapting one’s internal perspective to align with external circumstances. Flashcard 16 Q: Define “edgework” in emerging adulthood. A: Edgework refers to behaviors that involve risk-taking and pushing boundaries, common among emerging adults due to an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex. Flashcard 17 Q: What are some factors that foster creativity? A: • Freedom to explore ideas. • Supportive and stimulating environments. • Encouraging divergent thinking in schools. Flashcard 18 Q: What is the relationship between IQ and occupational success? A: Higher IQs are associated with professional success, health, and longer life spans. IQ predicts complex problem-solving abilities necessary for advanced work roles. Flashcard 19 Q: How does cognitive development progress in adulthood? A: • Postformal thought: Combines logic with emotion, pragmatism, and subjective factors. • Reflective reasoning matures, enabling nuanced decision-making. Flashcard 20 Q: What are role transitions, and how do they mark adulthood? A: Role transitions, like starting full-time work, voting, or marriage, signify the movement into adulthood, though the criteria vary across cultures.

Developmental Psychopathology

Understanding the origins, course, and changes in maladaptive behavior over the lifespan, considering biological, psychological, and social factors.

Guiding Principles of Developmental Psychopathology

Development is shaped by multiple factors; risk and protective factors influence outcomes; development is dynamic.

Risk Factors

Conditions or events that increase the likelihood of developing a disorder, such as poverty or abuse.

Protective Factors

Influences that decrease the likelihood of developing a disorder, like strong family support and effective coping skills.

Transactional Model

The model emphasizing bidirectional interactions between a child and their environment, where both influence each other over time.

Diathesis-Stress Model

A model suggesting that psychopathology results from the interaction of a predispositional vulnerability and environmental stress.

Comorbidity

The presence of two or more disorders in the same individual.

Common Externalizing Disorders

These include Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Common Internalizing Disorders

These include anxiety disorders, depression, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

ADHD Diagnostic Criteria

Symptoms of inattention/hyperactivity that impair functioning in at least two settings.

Effective Treatments for ADHD

These include behavioral therapy, parent training programs, and stimulant medications like methylphenidate (Ritalin).

Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Deficits in social communication and interaction along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior.

Resilience

The ability to adapt positively and recover from adversity or significant stress.

School Support for Resilience

Schools can foster resilience by providing safe environments, teaching problem-solving skills, and encouraging positive peer relationships.

Cumulative Risk Model

A model explaining that the likelihood of negative outcomes increases with the accumulation of multiple risk factors.

Difference Between Protective and Promotive Factors

Protective factors mitigate negative effects of risk; promotive factors enhance positive outcomes regardless of risk level.