Marine Biology 4

____ 1. Coral reefs are an example of biological organisms that can:

a. alter the temperature.

b. moderate global warming.

c. form the physical structure of the community.

d. regulate water run-off.

C

____ 2. Cnidarians of the class ____ are responsible for building coral reefs.

a. Anthozoa

b. Hydrozoa

c. Cubozoa

d. Scyphozoa

e. Palyzoa.

A

____ 3. The optimum temperature for coral formation occurs where the average annual temperatures are

between ____ °C and ____ °C.

a. 18, 20

b. 20, 23

c. 23, 25

d. 25, 27

e. 30, 40

C

____ 4. The west coast of Africa and South America in the tropics do not support corals. Which of the following

would likely prevent coral growth in these areas?

a. cool northern flowing currents

b. cool upwelling water

c. depth of 25 meters

d. both a and b

D

____ 5. Zooxanthellae are symbiotic:

a. diatoms.

b. dinoflagellates.

c. radiolarians.

d. coccolithophores.

e. forameniferans.

B...

____ 6. Coral reefs found very close to the shore of islands and continents are called:

a. atolls.

b. barrier reefs.

c. table reefs.

d. fringing reefs.

D...

____ 7. Circular coral reefs that arise out of deep water with a centrally located lagoon are called:

a. atolls.

b. barrier reefs.

c. table reefs.

d. fringing reefs.

A...

____ 8. Coral reefs separated from land by a lagoon or deep water channel are called:

a. atolls.

b. barrier reefs.

c. table reefs.

d. fringing reefs.

e. patch reefs.

B...

____ 9. The spur-and-groove formation of coral reefs is used as a means of:

a. obtaining more sunlight.

b. dissipating the energy of the waves.

c. ensuring good circulation.

d. capturing more zooplankton.

e. directing fish migrations.

B...

____ 10. The highest point on a reef is called the:

a. reef crest.

b. reef flat.

c. reef front.

d. back reef.

e. leeward edge.

A...

____ 11. The reef building corals are not found below 60 m (200 feet) due to:

a. light requirements of the zooxanthellae.

b. limited plankton as food.

c. cold water.

d. competition with non-reef building corals.

e. predation by sea stars.

A...

____ 12. Hermatypic refers to:

a. reef building corals.

b. non-reef building corals.

c. gorgonians.

d. black corals.

e. sea fans and soft corals.

A...

____ 13. Ahermatypic refers to:

a. reef building corals.

b. non-reef building corals.

c. plate coral.

d. brain coral.

e. finger coral.

B...

____ 14. Fire coral are a member of the class

a. Anthozoa.

b. Hydrozoa.

c. Scyphozoa.

d. Cubozoa.

B...

____ 15. Broadcast spawning refers to

a. having multiple reproductive partners.

b. releasing sperm into surrounding waters.

c. releasing eggs into surrounding waters.

d. internal fertilization.

e. both b and c

C...

____ 16. An important asexual form of coral reproduction is called:

a. broadcast spawning.

b. brooding.

c. synchronized spawning.

d. fragmentation.

D...

____ 17. The planktonic larvae of coral polyps are called:

a. trochophore.

b. zoea.

c. planula.

d. megalopa.

e. echinopluteus.

C...

____ 18. In the higher parts of reefs, where wave energy is greatest, ____ corals tend to dominate.

a. platelike

b. brain

c. soft

d. branching

e. encrusting

D...

____ 19. Zooxanthellae provide some of the nutritional requirements of coral in the form of:

a. glucose.

b. fats.

c. amino acids.

d. a and c

e. b and c

D...

____ 20. The high productivity of coral reefs is a direct result of:

a. the large numbers of phytoplankton and algae living on reefs.

b. the tight symbiotic relationship between coral polyps and zooxanthellae.

c. the high concentration of nutrients in tropical waters.

d. the upwelling of tropical waters.

B...

____ 21. Sessile and sedentary reef dwellers include

a. sponges and cnidarians.

b. crustaceans.

c. many molluscs.

d. fish.

e. cephalopods.

A...

____ 22. An active hunter on the coral reef is a(n)

a. sponge.

b. cnidarian.

c. giant clam.

d. octopus.

e. crinoid.

S...

____ 23. The use of venom for paralyzing prey is common in

a. cowries.

b. Triton's trumpet snail.

c. cone snails.

d. mantis shrimp.

e. sea stars.

C...

____ 24. An organism that can eviscerate its internal organs when stressed is the:

a. sea star.

b. sea cucumber.

c. crinoid.

d. sea urchin.

e. brittle star.

B...

____ 25. Clownfishes are involved in a symbiotic relationship with:

a. corals.

b. anemones.

c. pearlfishes.

d. sea cucumbers.

e. sea fans.

B...

____ 26. Corals that compete by growing fast can also use:

a. stinging filaments from their digestive cavity.

b. sweeper tentacles.

c. interference.

d. their greater ability to tolerate shade.

e. chemicals to paralyze competitors.

B...

____ 27. Massive forms of coral dominate:

a. in the upper areas of the reef.

b. in all areas of the reef.

c. in deeper areas of the reef.

d. in areas of the reef which receive the most light.

e. on the top of the reef crest.

C...

____ 28. A problem with corals associated with warming of the oceans is called:

a. white pox disease.

b. coral bleaching.

c. black band disease.

d. yellow-blotch disease.

e. green band disease.

B...

____ 29. Productivity in coastal waters is high due to

a. nutrients from land.

b. sediments rich in nutrients.

c. upwelling.

d. both a and c

e. a, b, and c.

E...

____ 30. Food for the continental shelf benthic community primarily comes in the form of

a. migratory fish.

b. living kelps.

c. detritus.

d. plankton.

e. nutrients from terrestrial runoff.

C...

____ 31. The benthic areas of continental shelf regions are dependent upon ____ for food.

a. phytoplankton

b. zooplankton

c. sinking detritus

d. attached algae

e. epifauna

C...

____ 32. All the following utilize detritus for food except

a. filter-feeders.

b. grazers.

c. suspension-feeders.

d. detritus-feeders.

B...

____ 33. In areas of the continental shelf where bottom currents are weak, the environment is considered to be

a. harsh.

b. always changing.

c. generally stable.

d. cyclically fluctuating.

e. low in species diversity.

C...

____ 34. Filter feeders on coastal shelves tend to dominate in areas that have:

a. moving currents and coarse sediments.

b. no currents and fine sediments.

c. silty areas.

d. muddy areas.

A...

____ 35. In soft-bottom communities suspension feeders dominate

a. where sediments are generally muddy.

b. as infauna.

c. where sediments are generally sandy.

d. as meiofauna.

C...

____ 36. Burrowing deposit feeders favor ____ bottoms.

a. muddy

b. rocky

c. sandy

d. cobble

e. pebble

A...

____ 37. Fine sediment bottoms with silt support a variety of

a. filter feeders.

b. suspension feeders.

c. epifauna.

d. infauna.

e. nekton.

D...

____ 38. In soft-bottom communities deposit feeders dominate

a. where sediments are generally muddy.

b. as epifauna on worm tubes.

c. as meiofauna.

d. where sediments are generally sandy.

e. where oxygen levels are low.

A...

____ 39. Patchiness of the soft-bottom benthos is a result of:

a. uneven distribution of food.

b. uneven distribution of sediments on the bottom.

c. low concentrations of nutrients on the bottom.

d. uneven distribution of predators.

B...

____ 40. The pattern of larval settlement depends on all except:

a. light levels.

b. currents.

c. predation.

d. type of bottom substrate.

A...

____ 41. Coccolithophores are abundant in:

a. cold marine waters.

b. tropical waters.

c. subtropical areas.

d. open ocean.

e. river mouths and estuaries.

A...

Name: ______________________ ID: A

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____ 42. In warm and temperate waters, common phytoplankton are the

a. diatoms.

b. radiolarians.

c. coccolithophores.

d. dinoflagellates.

e. salps.

D...

____ 43. The number of trophic levels between primary producers and large consumers in coastal waters is usually:

a. one.

b. two.

c. three.

d. four.

e. more than four.

C...

____ 44. The high productivity and short food chains of ____ areas support the greatest biomass of any

planktonic system.

a. stable water column

b. turbid

c. upwelling

d. downwelling

e. coral reef.

C...

____ 45. Kelps require ____ substrates in order to grow.

a. rocky

b. muddy

c. silty

d. sandy

e. porous

A...

____ 46. Kelp beds are considered important because they support large

a. fish.

b. sea urchins.

c. diverse communities.

d. sea otters.

e. sharks.

C...

____ 47. On the west coast of North America, sea urchins were historically kept in check by:

a. lobsters.

b. surf perches.

c. sea otters.

d. crabs.

e. SCUBA divers.

C...

____ 48. In tropical water, the photic zone in the open ocean can extend down to:

a. 10 m.

b. 20 m.

c. 100 m.

d. 200 m.

e. 1000 m.

D...

Name: ______________________ ID: A

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____ 49. Pelagic organisms live:

a. in the water column.

b. on the sediment.

c. in the sediment.

d. in hydrothermal vents.

e. close to shore.

A...

____ 50. Those organisms that cannot swim against the ocean currents are collectively called:

a. plankton.

b. nekton.

c. seston.

d. demersal.

e. infauna.

A...

____ 51. All the following are used to classify plankton except:

a. taxonomic groups.

b. functional groups.

c. life history.

d. light spectrum requirements.

e. size.

D...

____ 52. Phytoplankton of the open ocean are very small in order to:

a. avoid detection by grazers.

b. maximize their surface area.

c. increase their sinking rates.

d. none of the above

B...

____ 53. The most abundant plankton are the:

a. phytoplankton.

b. bacterioplankton.

c. viriplankton.

d. zooplankton.

e. macroplankton.

C...

____ 54. Archaeans and bacteria are generally included in the:

a. seston.

b. tripton.

c. bacterioplankton.

d. viriplankton.

e. pleuston.

C...

____ 55. The base of the food web in the open ocean and the bottom beneath the open ocean is:

a. algae.

b. seagrasses.

c. chemosynthetic bacteria.

d. phytoplankton.

e. detritus.

D...

____ 56. Kinetic organisms can move themselves by all except:

a. flagella.

b. jet propulsion.

c. undulation of the body.

d. using turbulent mixing.

D...

____ 57. Marine snow is composed of:

a. inorganic nutrients.

b. flocculated marine salts.

c. particulate organic matter.

d. frozen seawater.

e. terrestrial materials.

C...

____ 58. Those organisms that remain planktonic for their whole lives are called:

a. meroplankton.

b. holoplankton.

c. nanoplankton.

d. seston.

e. nekton.

B...

____ 59. Those organisms that live only part of their life history as plankton are called:

a. meroplankton.

b. holoplankton.

c. nanoplakton.

d. seston.

e. pleuston.

A...

____ 60. Nutrient-rich microenvironments can occur in the open ocean around:

a. viriplankton.

b. discarded larvacean houses.

c. marine snow.

d. b and c

D...

____ 61. The deep scattering layer refers to:

a. an area where organisms are spread apart in a random manner.

b. a dense aggregation of migratory zooplankton and fish.

c. a safe area where zooplankton can quickly scatter to avoid predators.

d. where sonar from whales travels rapidly to facilitate their communication.

e. the abyssal zone.

B...

____ 62. The primary reason for the daylight migration of many pelagic animals to deeper waters is:

a. escape from visual predators.

b. escape from the harmful effects of the sun.

c. preference for the colder waters of the deep.

d. the abundance of food in deeper waters.

A...

____ 63. All of the following are adaptations against predation in the open ocean except:

a. transparent bodies.

b. colorful bodies.

c. colonial lifestyles.

d. countershading.

e. silvery coloration.

B...

____ 64. To avoid sinking the purple sea snail

a. uses jet propulsion from the mantle to move upward.

b. has wings on its foot for swimming.

c. has gas vacuoles in its shell.

d. produces a bubble raft surrounded by mucus.

e. fills its liver with low-density oil.

D...

____ 65. Salps play an important ecological role as consumers of:

a. bacteria.

b. diatoms.

c. krill.

d. fish larvae.

e. jellyfish.

A...

____ 66. Common nekton include

a. tuna.

b. billfish.

c. jelly fish.

d. both a and b

e. both b and c

D...

____ 67. Which fish can grow to weigh a ton, and is known for high levels of internal and external parasites?

a. billfish.

b. skipjack tuna.

c. ocean sunfish.

d. great white shark.

e. pilot fish.

C...

____ 68. The manta ray feeds on:

a. larger fish.

b. surface and diving birds.

c. squid.

d. small fish and plankton.

e. other rays.

D...

____ 69. All of the following apply to the deep sea except:

a. temperatures vary greatly in deep waters.

b. pressures are very high.

c. light is dim or nonexistent.

d. the water is extremely cold.

A...

____ 70. Hydrostatic pressure within the oceans increases one atmosphere with every ____ meter increase in

depth.

a. 1

b. 5

c. 10

d. 100

e. 200

C...

____ 71. The hydrostatic pressure within deep sea organisms is:

a. more than the surrounding pressure.

b. equal but opposite force.

c. equal and same force.

d. less than the surrounding pressure.

B...

____ 72. Deep ocean organisms expend little energy to stay afloat because

a. they have air bladders.

b. they have a high oil content.

c. of their small size.

d. they are the same density as the surrounding environment.

e. their metabolism is high.

D...

____ 73. All the following are major factors that affect animals living in the deep ocean except:

a. light.

b. temperature.

c. salinity.

d. pressure.

C...

____ 74. The abiotic factor that has had the greatest evolutionary effects on deep-sea animals is:

a. low temperatures.

b. high pressure.

c. low nutrients.

d. lack of light.

e. varying salinity.

D...

____ 75. The main source of light in the deep sea is:

a. the sun.

b. bioluminescence.

c. underwater volcanoes.

d. dinoflagellates.

e. anglerfish.

B...

____ 76. All of the following are involved in light production of bioluminescent bacteria except:

a. luciferin.

b. luciferase.

c. cellulose.

d. oxygen.

C...

____ 77. In the twilight zone (150-450 meters) bioluminescence is primarily used for

a. mate selection.

b. detecting prey.

c. locating prey.

d. countershading.

e. species recognition.

D...

____ 78. Bioluminescence of deep-sea animals may be used for all of the following except:

a. attraction of prey.

b. detection and identification of mates.

c. countershading.

d. photosynthesis.

e. startling a predator.

D...

____ 79. Organisms that use bioluminescence to attract prey are the:

a. hatchetfish.

b. anglerfish.

c. stomiatoid fish

d. a and b

e. b and c

E...

____ 80. Many deep-sea fishes have tubular eyes with

a. a single large retina.

b. two retinas.

c. multiple retinas.

d. no retina.

e. compound eyes.

B...

____ 81. Male anglerfish often attach to the female so they can

a. utilize the female's increased ability to find prey.

b. utilize the female's increased predator avoidance.

c. provide sperm to fertilize eggs.

d. avoid being eaten by the female.

e. obtain growth hormones from her bloodstream.

C...

____ 82. Deep-sea fish with large mouths use this adaptation to:

a. take chucks of meat off of larger predators probing the deep ocean in search of food.

b. threaten other competitors.

c. swallow almost anything that comes their way.

d. store their large teeth.

e. filter-feed on plankton.

C...

____ 83. All of the following are major components of the deep sea food web except:

a. detritus.

b. nocturnal vertical migration to feed near the surface.

c. larger predators feeding on the small deep sea organisms.

d. photosynthesis.

e. scavenging.

D...

____ 84. The base of the food web in the deep sea is:

a. phytoplankton.

b. algae.

c. seagrasses.

d. sinking dead matter.

e. viruses.

D...

____ 85. An ancient fish that has provided insight into the evolution of tetrapods is the

a. laternfish.

b. tripod fish.

c. coelacanth.

d. redmouth whale fish.

e. gulper eel.

C...

____ 86. Diversity refers to:

a. the abundance of species.

b. the biomass of organisms.

c. the abundance and biomass of organisms.

d. the number of species.

e. the number of individuals of a species.

D...

____ 87. Chemosynthetic bacteria can oxidize

a. magnesium sulfide.

b. copper sulfide.

c. hydrogen sulfide.

d. oxygen sulfide.

e. zinc sulfide.

C...

____ 88. The base of the food web of deep-sea vent communities are:

a. chemosynthetic bacteria.

b. cyanobacteria.

c. dinoflagellates.

d. deep-sea algae.

e. benthic diatoms.

A...

____ 89. The bivalves and worms have red flesh due to presence of:

a. pigments absorbed from their prey items.

b. hemoglobin.

c. chromatophores.

d. pigments similar to other deep-sea organisms due to a lack of light.

e. structural colors for camouflage.

B...

____ 90. Increased technology that has led to more captured fish include:

a. giant factory ships.

b. radar.

c. aircraft.

d. underwater video surveillance cameras.

e. both a and c

E...

____ 91. Fish and shellfish resources are considered:

a. inexhaustible.

b. finite.

c. renewable.

d. transferable.

e. inorganic.

C...

____ 92. Fish are tagged or evaluated with molecular markers to:

a. determine population distribution.

b. promote catch and release.

c. establish fishery composition.

d. promote fishery strategies.

e. immunize them against disease.

A...

____ 93. Fishery landings are an important source of:

a. catch data.

b. size data.

c. effort data.

d. all the above

D...

____ 94. Fishery effort combined with catch data is used to

a. determine if a fishery is in jeopardy.

b. determine the pay rate for fishers.

c. determine the economic value of a fishery.

d. estimate the ocean's productivity.

A...

____ 95. When fishery effort increases and catch remains stable or decreases

a. fishers need to find alternative methods to catch fish.

b. fishers simply need to relocate to another patch.

c. the abundance of the fish is declining.

d. costs remain high.

e. the size of fish caught tends to increase.

C...

____ 96. The dominant physical resources from the sea are:

a. magnesium and iron.

b. salt and water.

c. gold and copper.

d. sulfides and manganese.

e. gold and oxygen.

B...

____ 97. In warm areas, salt is extracted from seawater by:

a. evaporation.

b. freezing.

c. reverse osmosis.

d. chemical methods.

e. filtration.

A...

____ 98. All of the following are minerals commonly obtained from the seawater except:

a. manganese.

b. bromine.

c. gold.

d. sulfides.

e. chlorides.

C...

____ 99. Tin is commonly found:

a. in coastal sediments.

b. in oceanic sediments.

c. dissolved in seawater.

d. in manganese nodules.

e. at the bottom of trenches.

A...

____100. Coal is predominantly composed of the remains of:

a. multicellular animals.

b. phytoplankton.

c. fungi.

d. multicellular plants.

e. gelatinous zooplankton.

D...