AP reading quiz #2

A dual agricultural economy

Refers to two agricultural sectors in the sam country or region that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand.

Agribusiness

refers to the large-scale system that includes the production, processing, and the distribution of agricultural products and equipment.

Hybrid

Different varieties of plants are bred to enhance desired characteristics and improve disease resistance.

can grow in extreme or wert or dry conditions

Pests

Is a problem that farmers all over the world continuously face. It causes the reduction of crop yields.

Herbicides

Are chemicals that are toxic to weeds and unwanted plants

Insecticides

Are chemicals that are toxic to insects

Government influence

They provide payments to farmers for growing certain crops or for not growing others, place regulations on agricultural imports and exports, or establish price supports in the form of crop purchases made by the government at a guaranteed price.

Quotas

Used in Canada in the dairy and poultry industries to keep prices of these goods stable and guarantee farmers a steady income.

Commercial Dairying

Is the production and selling of milk and related food products.

Are the most prevalent in the Upper Midwest and Northeast.

Family Farms

represent the vast majority of farms worldwide. While they are small, collectively they produce food for a large portion of the world’s population.

Challenges in agriculture

• The overall population worldwide is shifting away from rural areas and into urban areas

• younger generations see the amount of time and hard work and see you only make a small amount of profit.

• rising costs, farming costs are more significant than the income generated for many years, and farmers struggle to remain in agriculture.

Vertical integration

Occurs when a company controls more than one stage of the production process. When a company manages all aspects of their business operations, from production to processing to shipping and then to selling, it helps reduce costs, improve efficiencies, and increase profits.

Commodity Chain

Is a establishment of a complex network that connects places of production with distribution.

The Food Supply System

1. Agricultural Inputs

2. Producers

3. Processors

4. Distributors

5. Retailers and Food Services

6. Consumers

The commodity chain for Orange juice

reveals that the product changes hands several times during the process.

Farm Subsidies

Solutions to rising costs of production have been for the U.S. federal governments to provide low-coast loans, insurance, and payments to some farmers and agribusiness.

Originally started during the Great Depression of the 1930s to help struggling farmers and to make sure there was e\`nough food being produced for American consumption.

Tariff

Is a tax or duty to be paid on a particular import or export.

\-can affect trade between countries and can bring about trade war.

Johanna Heninrich Von Thunen

wrote a book about observations he had made regarding the spatial patterns of farming practices in his community.

His principles created the von Thunen model.

Von Thunen Model

hypothesizes that perishability of product and transportation costs to the market each factor into a farmer’s decisions regarding agricultural practices.

First ring: Intensive farming and dairying

Second ring: Forests

Third ring: Grains and cereal crops

Fourth ring: livestock production

Global supply chains

enable the delivery of a product between two different countries. For example, consumers in a store in Canada who purchase vegetables that originated from a farm in the Netherlands.

Cash crop

a crop that is produced for its commercial value.

Fair trade

Movement is a global campaign to fix unfair wage practices and protect the ability of farmers to earn a living.

Agricultural landscapes

are landscapes resulting from the interactions between farming activities and a location’s natural environment.

Agroecosystem

an ecosystem modified for agricultural use.

Deforestation

Loss of forest lands and soil erosion- the wearing away of topsoil by wind, rain, and other phenomena.

Terracing

It is the process of carving parts of a hill or mountainside into small, level-growing plots.

commonly practiced by subsistence farmers.

Irrigation

Most commonly in areas without dependable precipitation

Used to supplement rainfall by bringing water from its natural sources to farm fields through canals and other means.

Aquifers

Layers of underground sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and can release a usable amount of water.

Wetlands

Areas of land that are covered by or saturated with water-such as swamps, marshes, and bogs.

Desertification

a form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates to a desert-like condition-can be the result of poor pastoral nomadism practices in arid or semiarid lands.

Biodiversity

The variety of organisms living in a location.

Salinization

The process by which water-soluble salts build up in the soil. Occurs in arid and semiarid regions when water evaporates from the ground more rapidly than it is replenished by rain or irrigation, causing a concentration of salts in the soil.

Debet-For-Nature-swaps

In exchange for local investment in conservation measures, the banks agree to forgive a portion of a country’s debt.

Conservation

Involves managing and protecting natural resources to prevent their depletion.

\-Is what many governments focus on to address the negative environmental effects.

Societal consequences

Affecting diets, the roles of women in farming, the economic purpose of both farmers and consumers, and the lives of communities.

Biotechnology

Is the science of altering living organisms, often genetic manipulation, to create new products for specific purposes, such as crops that resist certain pests.

Agricultural biodiversity

Describes the variety and variability of plants, animals, and microorganisms that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture.

Precision agriculture

some see as a fourth agriculture revolution. It uses a variety of cutting-edge technologies to apply inputs such as water and fertilizer with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields in order to maximize crop yields, reduce waste, and preserve the environment.

Food security

Is reliable access to safe nutritious food that can support a healthy and active lifestyle.

Food insecurity

Is the disruption of a household’s food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food.

Food deserts

Areas where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away.

Economy of scale

Is the reduced cost of producing food items as the quantity of production increases.