A & PI Midterm Study Guide

Flashcards for BIO 105 A & P1 Midterm Study Guide

Homeostasis

Maintenance (Consistence) of a stable internal environment.

carbohydrates

Quick energy source (glucose)

Proteins

Proteins are the most abundant organic compounds in the body.

Build/repair tissues, enzymes, hormones.

Lipids

Water in-soluble organic biomolecules (nonpolar). 

Long-term energy, insulation, and cell membranes.

Nucleic Acid

DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information

Body systems

1. Integumentary (Skin) Protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

2. Skeletal (Bones and ligaments) Support, protection, movement, mineral and fat storage, blood production.

3. Muscular (Skeletal muscles, tendons) Movement, posture, heat production.

4. Nervous (Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs) Control, regulation, and coordination of other systems, sensation, memory.

5. Endocrine (Pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, and other glands) Control and regulation of other systems.

6. Cardiovascular (Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries) Exchange and transport of materials. Transports hormones through the blood vessels.

7. Lymphatic/immune (Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils) Immunity, fluid balance.

8. Respiratory (Lungs, bronchial tree, trachea, larynx, nasal cavity) Gas exchange, acid-base balance.

9. Digestive (Stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth, pancreas) Breakdown and absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste.

10. Urinary (Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra) Excretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance.

11. Reproductive (Male: Testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, penis / Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts) Reproduction, continuity of genetic information, nurturing of offspring, social bonding.

Cations

Positively charged ions.

Anions

Negatively charged ions.

Organelles

Specialized subunits within a cell that perform specific functions.

These structures include the

• nucleus- GENES (DNA storage), if damaged cell may not be able reproduce.

• mitochondria- ATP production, power house of the cells.

• Golgi apparatus: Protein packaging

• Lysosomes: Digest waste

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth/Rough): Lipid/ carbohydrate synthesis and protein production.

• Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.

Passive Transport

Movement across the cell membrane without energy input.

Types of passive transport

• diffusion,

• facilitated diffusion

• osmosis.

Active Transport

Movement across the cell membrane requiring energy input.

Types of active transport include primary and secondary transport, which utilize ATP and electrochemical gradients, respectively.

Endocytosis

Process by which cells engulf (takes in) substances from their surroundings.

Exocytosis

Process by which cells release substances into their surroundings.

Transcytosis

Transport across a cell, involving endocytosis and exocytosis.

Chromosome Diseases

Down syndrome

Trisomy 21

Cystic fibrosis

Defect in chloride ion channel

Sickle cell anemia

Misshapen RBCs due to hemoglobin mutation

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

X-linked, affects muscle protein dystrophin

Serous Membranes

Line body cavities (secrete fluid)

Cutaneous membrane

Skin

Pericardium

The membrane surrounding the heart.

Pleura

The membrane surrounding the lungs.

Peritoneum

The membrane lining the abdominal cavity.

Blood cells

WBC (leukocytes) Immune defense

RBC (erythrocytes) Carry oxygen

Platelets (thrombocytes) Clotting

Periosteum

The outer membrane covers bones; contains blood vessels, nerves, and osteoblasts.

Anatomical Position

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward.

Chemical Bonds

The attractive forces that hold atoms together.

Ionic (Transfer of electrons).

Covalent (Sharing of electrons).

Hydrogen (Weak bond between polar molecules.

Glycoprotein Function

Molecule with both carbohydrate and protein components, often functions in cell recognition.

Cell recognition, immune response, signaling (found on cell membranes)

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue type characterized by tightly packed cells that cover or line surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands

Avascular, regenerates quickly, tightly packed cells

Dermis Contents

Contains blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerves, connective tissue.

Neurons

Cells specialized for transmitting electrical signals.

Functional unit of the nervous system

Parts: Cell body, axon, dendrites

Transmit electrical signals.

Bone Shape Types

Bones classified by their shapes:

• Long- roughly cylindrical shape, longer then its width. (Femur)

• Short- cube- or box-shaped structures, about as broad as they are wide.(Carpals)

• Flat- thin, flattened, often curved surface. ( Skull)

• Irregular- clustered in group, varies sizes and shapes. (Vertebrae)

• Sesamoid- sometimes grouped with irregular bones, often appear singly rather than in a group, often resemble sesame seeds. ( Patella)

Anatomical Planes

Dividing the body or any of its parts into right and left sides is called a sagittal plane.

Dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions is called a coronal plane.

The plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts is the transverse plane.

Connective Tissue Fibers

Collagen: Strong and flexible

Elastic: Stretch and recoil

Reticular: Supportive mesh

Cartilage Functions and types

Provides support, flexibility, and cushioning.

Hyaline: Most common; joints, nose, trachea

Elastic: Flexible; ear, epiglottis

Fibrocartilage: Tough; discs, pubic symphysis (strongest)

Epidermal Layers

The layers of the epidermis, including the

• stratum basale,

• stratum spinosum,

• stratum granulosum,

• stratum lucidum,

• stratum corneum.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body;

Catabolism: Breaks down molecules for energy

Anabolism: Builds complex molecules from simpler ones (synthesis)

Bone Cell Types

Osteoblasts: Build bone

Osteoclasts: Break down bone

Osteocytes: Maintain bone

Osteoprogenitor cells: Stem cells for bone cells

Fracture Healing Steps

• Hematoma formation

• Soft, cartilaginous procallus forms (fibrocartilage)

• Hard, Bony callus formation

• Bone remodeling, osteoblasts and osteoclasts are involved in rebuilding the bone structure.

Mitosis Stages

• Prophase,

• metaphase,

• anaphase,

• telophase.

• Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)

Tissue Types

• Epithelial – Covers surfaces

• Connective – Supports and binds

• Muscle – Movement

• Nervous – Signals

Calcium Function

Bone strength

Muscle contraction

Nerve transmission

Blood clotting

Blood functions

Transport, regulation, and protection.