A & PI Midterm Study Guide

Flashcards for BIO 105 A & P1 Midterm Study Guide

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Biological Molecules

Macromolecules including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are the building blocks of the body.

Cations

Positively charged ions.

Anions

Negatively charged ions.

Organelles

Specialized subunits within a cell that perform specific functions.

Passive Transport

Movement across the cell membrane without energy input.

Active Transport

Movement across the cell membrane requiring energy input.

Endocytosis

Process by which cells engulf substances from their surroundings.

Exocytosis

Process by which cells release substances into their surroundings.

Transcytosis

Transport across a cell, involving endocytosis and exocytosis.

Chromosome Diseases

Genetic disorders caused by chromosomal abnormalities or gene mutations.

Cutaneous and Serous Membranes

Membranes that cover body surfaces (cutaneous) and line body cavities (serous).

Pericardium

The membrane surrounding the heart.

Pleura

The membrane surrounding the lungs.

Peritoneum

The membrane lining the abdominal cavity.

Blood cells

Transport oxygen; several types of leukocytes defend the body, and platelets are responsible for clotting.

Periosteum

The outer covering of bone.

Anatomical Position

The standard reference point for anatomical descriptions.

Chemical Bonds

The attractive forces that hold atoms together.

Glycoprotein Function

Molecule with both carbohydrate and protein components, often functions in cell recognition.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue type characterized by tightly packed cells that cover or line surfaces.

Dermis Contents

Contains blood vessels, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Neurons

Cells specialized for transmitting electrical signals.

Bone Shape Types

Bones classified by their shapes: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

Anatomical Planes

Imaginary surfaces that divide the body into sections.

Connective Tissue Fibers

Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers are found in connective tissues.

Cartilage Functions

Provides support, flexibility, and cushioning.

Epidermal Layers

The layers of the epidermis, including the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body; includes catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis).

Bone Cell Types

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteogenic cells.

Fracture Healing Steps

Hematoma formation, callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling.

Mitosis Stages

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Tissue Types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Calcium Function

Important for muscle contraction, nerve function, and bone health.