Anatomy 101 Ivy Tech Mid-term

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy- the study of the structure of the body

physiology- the study of the function of the body

What are the levels of organization and define each? (10)

Subatomic Particles - electrons, protons, neutronsAtom - tiny particles that form everything, hydrogen atom

Molecule - atoms bound together, water molecule

Macromolecule - small molecules combined, protein

molecule, DNA molecule

Organelle - structures in cells, mitochondrion, Golgi

apparatus, nucleus

Cell - basic unit of structure and function, muscle

cell, nerve cell

Tissue - groups of cells, simple squamous epithelium, loose

connective tissue

Organ - groups of tissues working together, skin,

femur, heart, kidney

Organ System - groups of organs working together,

skeletal system, digestive system

Organism - interacting organ systems, human

What are the characteristics of life and define each? (8)

Movement - change in position; motionResponsiveness - reaction to a change

Growth - increase in body size; no change in shape

Reproduction - production of new organisms and new cells

Respiration - obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

Digestion - breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

Absorption - passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

Circulation - movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation - changing of absorbed substances into

chemically different forms

Excretion - removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

What are the requirements of life? Why is each important?

Metabolism, water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure

Define homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment

What is a homeostatic mechanism?

monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed (Receptors, control center, Effectors)

Ch.2

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Atom

Basic unit of matter

What is structure of Atom? What are there charges?

Protons, positive charge

Neutrons, No Charge

Electrons Negative charge

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

hydrogen bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

Synthesis

cells making proteins

decomposition

A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products. (AB=A+B)

exchange reactions

involving transfers of electrons from one chemical to another

Reactant

A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

Product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

What happens and what is produced when salts dissolve in water?

Dissociation occurs and sodium and chloride then separate

Acid

compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution (0-6)

Base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. (8-14)

What is PH scale? What ions are involved?

measures how acidic or basic a substance is and use hydrogen ions.

What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule?

organ contain carbon atom bonded to hydrogen while inorganic does not

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

Carbs

main source of energy, combination of simple and complex

Lipids

not soluble in water, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids.

nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus (DNA, RNA)

Proteins

Chains of amino acids, building blocks of life

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

phospholipid

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.

steroid

lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA: double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar, bases: A, T, G, C

RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar, bases: A, U, G, C

Ch.3

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell, is the outer most layer of the cell.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

organelles

Structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell.

Ribsomes

Makes proteins, site of protein synthesis

smooth ER

ER that has no ribosomes, makes lipids

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Perixisomes

break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

centrosome

helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division

Cilia

move fluid, mucus, and materials over the cell surface

Flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

Vesticle

a small membrane-bound sack that transports substances in/out of cells

nuclear envelope

separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus

nuclear pores function

Allow for passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm

Nucleolus

production of rRNA transcription, processing and assembling

chromatin

Contains genetic code that determines which proteins (including enzymes) will be manufactured by the cell

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Filtration

a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

pinocytosis

process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

transcytosis

transport into, across, and then out of cell

isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

hypotonic solution

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

hypertonic solutions

those with higher solute concentrations and lower water concentrations; cells placed in these solutions undergo CRENATION

cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

1. interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division

2. prophase

Chromosomes become visible and consist of two sister chromatids; nuclear membrane breaks up; spindle form

3. Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

4.anaphase

chromatids are separate at centromere now called chromosome, pulls two chromatids apart, you are in anaphase until they are moved to opposite sides of the cell

5.telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

ch.4

anabolism

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones, uses energy

catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

How does an enzyme convert a substrate to a product?

they lower activation energy required, which in return allows for a faster reaction rate to occur

what is Active site of an enzyme?

the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate, and then chemical reaction occurs

denaturization

destruction of the normal shape of the protein, no longer matches shape of the substrate; caused by changes in pH and high temperature

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

How is ATP made?

cellular respiration occurs and food is converted to energy that can be used in cells

How is ATP broken down to release energy?

hydrolysis-the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

What is aerobic respiration?

What are the two stages?

How many ATP are produced?

What is produced besides ATP?

Where in the cell does it take place?

1. it involves oxygen and the breakdown of glucose

2.Krebs cycle- 2 ATP produced

Oxidative phosphorylation- 30-32 ATP produced

3.(32-34 overall)

4. carbon dioxide, and water

5. Mitochondria

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

What is anaerobic respiration?

How many ATP are produced

what else could be produced?

Where in the cell does it take place?

1. cellular respiration that occurs with little to know oxygen present

2. 2 ATP

3. lactic acid, ethanol

4.cytoplasm

What is the electron transport chain?

1. Is a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons, down a series of reactions that release energy; used to make ATP.

2. 30-32 ATP

What are the characteristics of DNA?

complementary, composed of nucleotides, antiparallel, doubled-stranded

What are the characteristics of RNA?

RNA is single stranded, contains uracil, and has ribosome sugar

nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

What are the organic bases of DNA and RNA? Which base matches with which?

DNA: Adenine-Thymine; Cytosine-Guanine

RNA: Adenine-Uracil: Cytosine-Guanine

How is RNA made?

DNA transcription occurs to produce a RNA sequence

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

anticodons

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

codons

A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid, the basic unit of the genetic code.