A&P 2 EXAM 1 CH 16 & 17

Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.

Ovaries

Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.

Pituitary

Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.

Testes

Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Adrenal Glands

Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

Hypothalamus

An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland.

Graves' disease

Hyposecretion of growth hormone.

Pituitary dwarfism

Hyposecretion of the pancreas.

Diabetes mellitus

Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.

Addison's disease

Hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Acromegaly

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults.

Myxedema

Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.

Cushing's disease

Hyposecretion of the the thyroid in infants.

Cretinism

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.

Pituitary

Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.

Pancreas

Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue.

Parathyroid

Produces the body's major metabolic hormones.

Thyroid

Produces glucocorticoids.

Zona fasciculata

Produces epinephrine.

Adrenal medulla

Produces aldosterone.

Zona glomerutosa

Excess hormone levels result in Cushing's syndrome.

Zona fasciculata

Hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters.

Adrenal medulla

Produces androgens.

Zona reticularis

Monocyte.

Lymphocyte.

Eosinophil.

Neutrophil.

Most common white blood cell found in whole blood.

Neutrophil

Mounts an immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies.

Lymphocyte

Kills parasitic worms.

Eosinophil

Becomes a macrophage.

Monocyte

Main bacteria killer during acute infections.

Neutrophil

Nucleus has two lobes; contains granules of lysosomal enzymes; functions in attacking parasitic worms.

Eosinophil

Nucleus is multilobed; functions as a phagocyte; contains fine indistinct granules.

Neutrophil

Transports CO2 and oxygen.

Erythrocyte

Contains a U- or and S- shaped nucleus; granules stain very dark; releases histamine and heparin.

Basophil

Largest of the WBCs; crucial in defense against viruses; associated with chronic infections.

Monocyte

The major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure.

Albumin

Thrombin catalyzes the activation of these molecules present in plasma.

Fibrinogen

Forms the structural framework of a blood clot.

Fibrinogen

Makes up most of plasma protein.

Albumin

Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response.

Gamma globulins

Transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins.

Alpha and beta globulins

Produced by platelets.

Prostaglandin derivatives such as Thromboxane A2

A fibrous protein that gives shape to an RBC plasma membrane.

Spectrin

Hormone that stimulates productions of RBCs.

Erythropoietin

Stimulates WBC production.

Interleukins and CSFs

Natural anticoagulant found in basophils.

Heparin

Cancerous condition involving white blood cells.

Leukemia

Condition in which blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity.

Anemia

Abnormal excess of erythrocytes resulting in an increase in blood viscosity.

Polycythemia

Free-floating thrombus in the bloodstream.

Embolism

The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. (T/F)

True

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. (T/F)

False- The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is glucagon.

Addison's disease is due to a deficient output of glucocorticoids only. (T/F)

False- Addison's disease is due to a deficient output of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (cortisol and aldosterone).

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system. (T/F)

True

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones. (T/F)

True

LH (luteinizing hormone) is also referred to as a gonadotropin. (T/F)

True

Chronic stress increases blood levels of cortisol and appears to contribute to memory deterioration. (T/F)

True

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions. (T/F)

True

Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicles of the parathyroid produce calcitonin. (T/F)

False- Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce calcitonin.

Type 2 diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production. (T/F)

True

The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis. (T/F)

True

The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin. (T/F)

True

Most type 2 diabetics do not produce insulin. (T/F)

False- Most type 1 diabetics do not produce insulin.

Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant. (T/F)

False- Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals and the most abundant.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium. (T/F)

True

Although glucagon is a small polypeptide, it is nevertheless very potent in its regulatory effects. (T/F)

True

The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an individual. (T/F)

True

Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters. (T/F)

True

All of the following hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), and LH (luteinizing hormone). (T/F)

True

Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine. (T/F)

True

The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid. (T/F)

False- The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the thyroid.

Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones. (T/F)

False- Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine tissues to produce hormones.

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune response when an individual is suffering from severe stress. (T/F)

False- Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually do not enhance the immune response when an individual is suffering from severe stress.

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system. (T/F)

False- Direct gene activation does not involve a second-messenger system.

All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA. (T/F)

True

All anterior pituitary hormone except GH (growth hormone) affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate) second messenger. (T/F)

True

The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is in the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones. (T/F)

False- The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is in the bone marrow in flat bones.

The immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting. (T/F)

False- The immediate response to blood vessel injury is vascular spasm.

The process of fibrinolysis disposes of bacteria when healing has occurred. (T/F)

False- The process of fibrinolysis disposes of unneeded blood clots when healing has finished.

The RBC "graveyard" is the liver. (T/F)

False- The RBC "graveyard" is the spleen.

Hemorrhagic anemias result from blood loss. (T/F)

True

White blood cells are produced through the action of colony-stimulating factors (CSF). (T/F)

True

Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin. (T/F)

False- Hemoglobin is made up of the red pigment heme and the protein globin.

Each heme contains an atom of iron and can transport one molecule of oxygen. (T/F)

True

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen. (T/F)

False- Each hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen.

Diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries. (T/F)

False- Diapedesis is the process by which white blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries.

Positive chemotaxis is a feedback system that signals leukocyte migration into damaged areas. (T/F)

True

A condition of leukocytosis indicates over 11,000 white blood cells per cubic millimeter in the blood. (T/F)

True

Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs. (T/F)

False- Eosinophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs.

Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes. (T/F)

True

A person with type B blood could receive blood from a person with either type B or type O blood. (T/F)

True

Leukocytes move through the circulatory system by amoeboid motion. (T/F)

False- Leukocytes move through the circulatory system by going with the flow of the blood.

Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types. (T/F)

True

All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes. (T/F)

True

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of _____.

A) aldosteron

B) insulin

C) secretin

D) cortisol

D) cortisol

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the _____.

A) adrenal medulla

B) pancreas

C) thyroid gland

D) thymus gland

D) thymus gland

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular _____.

A) ions

B) deactivators

C) nucleotides

D) second messengers

D) second messengers

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

A) enzyme

B) humoral

C) neural

D) hormonal

A) enzyme