P.e AOS3 sac

Cardiovascular System

Heart, blood, and vessels circulating blood.

Blood Composition

55% plasma and 45% blood cells.

Red Blood Cells

Transport oxygen using hemoglobin protein.

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells for oxygen transport.

Aerobic Activity

Improves hemoglobin levels over the long term.

Blood Doping

Illegal method to enhance oxygen transport.

Functions of Blood

Transportation, protection, homeostasis, thermoregulation, waste removal.

Arteries

Carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart.

Capillaries

Smallest vessels for gas and nutrient exchange.

Veins o2

Return low oxygen blood to the heart.

Vasodilation widening

Widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

Stroke Volume

Volume of blood pumped per heartbeat.

Heart Rate

Number of heartbeats per minute.

Cardiac Output

Total blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Thermoregulation

Regulation of body temperature through blood flow.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body.

Arterioles

Small arteries leading to capillaries.

Venules

Small veins collecting blood from capillaries.

Elasticity of Arteries

Ability to expand and contract with blood flow.

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

Helps veins return blood to the heart.

Nutrient Exchange

Occurs in capillaries between blood and tissues.

Waste Removal

Transport of waste products to kidneys and liver.

Veins

Transport blood towards the heart at low pressure.

One way valves

Prevent backflow of blood in veins.

Oxygenated Blood

Rich in oxygen, appears bright red.

Deoxygenated Blood

Poor in oxygen, appears dark crimson.

Heart

Pump that circulates blood in the body.

Atria

Upper chambers that receive blood.

Ventricles

Lower chambers that pump blood out.

Septum

Divides heart chambers into two pumps.

Double pump

Heart's function to circulate blood twice.

Systemic Circulation

Transports oxygenated blood to body tissues.

Pulmonary Circulation

Transports deoxygenated blood to lungs.

Aorta

Main artery carrying oxygenated blood from heart.

Pulmonary Artery

Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs.

Superior Vena Cava

Returns deoxygenated blood from upper body.

Inferior Vena Cava

Returns deoxygenated blood from lower body.

Pulmonary Vein

Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

Bicuspid Valve

Valve on left side of heart.

Tricuspid Valve

Valve on right side of heart.

Respiratory Control Centre

Regulates breathing based on gas levels.

Gaseous Exchange

Occurs at alveoli for oxygen and CO2.

Haemoglobin

Protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells.

Diffusion

Movement of gases from high to low concentration.

Capillary/Muscle Interface

Site where oxygen enters muscles from blood.

Carbon Dioxide

Waste product diffusing from muscles to capillaries.

Acute Responses

Immediate changes in cardiovascular system during exercise.

Heart Rate (HR)

Number of heartbeats per minute (bpm).

Linear Relationship

HR increases proportionally with exercise intensity.

Maximal Heart Rate

Calculated as 220 minus age.

Steady State

Oxygen supply equals oxygen demand during submaximal exercise.

Stroke Volume (SV)

Volume of blood pumped per heart beat (mL/beat).

Exercise Intensity

Level of effort during physical activity.

Finite Capacity

Maximum volume blood heart can pump per beat.

Cardiac Output (Q)

Blood pumped by heart per minute (L/min).

Cardiac Output Formula

Q = stroke volume × heart rate.

Vascular Shunt Mechanism

Redistribution of blood flow during exercise.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels reducing blood flow.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels increasing blood flow.

Increased Blood Pressure (BP)

Force of blood against vessel walls.

Systolic Blood Pressure t

Pressure during heart contraction.

Oxygen Demand

Amount of oxygen required by muscles during activity.

Waste Removal

Process of eliminating carbon dioxide from muscles.

Blood Flow Redistribution

Blood directed to active muscles during exercise.

Submaximal Intensity

Exercise performed below maximum effort.

Exercise Capacity

Maximum physical effort an individual can sustain.

Blood Volume

Total amount of blood in the circulatory system.

Heart Contraction

The process of the heart pumping blood.

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Pressure in arteries during heart relaxation.

Systolic Blood Pressure

Highest arterial pressure during ventricular contraction.

Blood Pressure (BP)

Pressure exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.

Average Resting BP

Typical values: 120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic).

Exercise Intensity

Level of physical effort during activity.

Cardiac Output volume

Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute.

Maximal BP

Blood pressure can reach 200 mmHg during intense exercise.

Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference

Difference in oxygen content between arterioles and venules.

a VO2 Difference

Indicates oxygen extraction efficiency by tissues.

Oxygen Uptake

Measure of body's ability to utilize oxygen.

VO2 Max

Maximum oxygen uptake during intense exercise.

Oxygen Deficit

When oxygen demand exceeds supply at exercise start.

Steady State

Condition where oxygen supply equals demand.

Oxygen Debt

Increased oxygen consumption post exercise for recovery.

EPOC

Excess post exercise oxygen consumption above resting levels.

Blood Volume Decrease

Reduction in blood plasma levels during exercise.

Hydration Level

Amount of fluid in the body affecting performance.

Environmental Conditions

Factors like temperature and humidity affecting exercise.

Lactic Acid Clearance

Process of removing lactic acid post exercise.

Energy Store Replenishment

Restoring energy reserves after physical activity.

Muscle Repair Energy

Extra energy needed for muscle recovery post exercise.

Cardiovascular System Response

Adaptation of heart and vessels to increased demand.