Bio Chapter 3

4 main macromolecules

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

Functional groups

Made up of other atoms that provide the molecule it’s being added to with chemical features and properties

Functional group properties

Poplar, non-poplar, acidic, and basic

Organic Chemistry

The study of carbon molecules

Carbon

A critical atom that makes life possible by acting as the ultimate molecular building block. Can form 4 covalent bonds, has an atomic number of 6, 4 valence electrons, and 4 vacancies.

Monomers

smaller molecules making up the macromolecule

Polymers

The macromolecules made up of the monomers

Enzymes and ATP

The energy hydrolysis and dehydration reactions require

Carbon bond

Similar to a covalent bond, very stable over a large range of temperatues.

Carbohydrates

Function: Primary energy source

Monomers: Monosaccharide and Disaccharide

Polymers: Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide

1 sugar (ex: glucose, fructose)

Disaccharides

2 sugar chains formed by dehydration reaction. They act as transport form of sugar then hydrolize to become a monomer and make energy (ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose)

Polysaccharides

Many sugars. They act as a storage form of energy until the hydrolize. (ex: starch, glycogen)

Lipids

Many different types and functions, like energy storage, structural, protection, insolation, ect. One region is non-polar and hydrophobic. Ex. triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

Monomers: glycerol and fatty acids

Polymers/macromolecules: triglycerides and phospholipids

Triglycerides

3 carbon molecule and glycerol covalently bonded to 3 fatty acid chains. Resembles a polymer, but not quite.

Phospholipids

Make up the outer layer of the cell. Consist of one phosphate functional group with a negative charge and 2 fatty acid chains.

Amphipathic make up of phospholipids

The hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads create a strong bilayer when mixed with water, protecting the hydrophobic tails.

Proteins

Structurally complex polymers found in all cells.

Monomers: amino acids.

Function: defense, structural support, motion, regulation, transport, and storage

Enzymes

Protein that will speed up and regulate chemical reactions

Polypeptide

A chain of covalently bonded amino acids.

Amino acids

Amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain called the R group are all attached to the alpha carbon.

R group

Functional group that makes the amino acid unique in property to others.

Structure of a protein

Resembles a piece of string. The longer it is, the more it crumples and fold creating a unique shape relating to it’s function. Weak hydrogen bonds give it it’s shape and allow the molecules to interact to carry out a function.

Bonds in a protein

Weak hydrogen bonds give it it’s shape and allow the molecules to interact to carry out a function. Covalent bonds hold the monomers together through dehydration.

Denaturation

Heating up proteins can unravel them to a nonfunctional shape. (ex. a fever denatures proteins that support the immune system)

Renature

Proteins regain their functional shape when in normal conditions.

Nucleic Acid

Polymer in the form of DNA (used to make RNA) or RNA (used to make protein)

Function: Responsible for storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information in our cells.

Monomers: nucleotides

Macromolecule: double helix

Hydrogen bonds

Hold the DNA together. Denaturation could break down the double strands, but not the covalently bonded amino acids.