Mairne Bio Final Exam

Examples of marine reptiles

Sea turtles, marine iguanas, marine crocodiles, sea snakes

Give examples of marine tetrapods.

Sea turtles, seals, whales, and penguins.

How are reefs formed?

Through the accumulation and growth of coral polyps, sediment, minerals, or human-made materials in the marine environment.

How do birds reproduce?

Through sexual reproduction, where males transfer sperm to females to fertilize eggs internally.

How do cnidarians reproduce?

In different ways depending on the species and their life cycle, including sexual and asexual reproduction.

How do crustaceans reproduce?

Decapods wait for molting before males can pass sperm packets to females.

How do mammals reproduce?

Sexual reproduction with internal fertilization, development is followed by live birth.

How do marine mammals tolerate elevated levels of dissolved nitrogen?

Specialized blood vessels and specialized diving behaviors.

How do reptiles reproduce?

Sexually, with internal fertilization.

How do sea snakes reproduce?

Some species lay sticky eggs. Others give "live birth."

How do sponges reproduce?

Both sexually and asexually.

How does sexual reproduction occur in sponges?

Release of sperm and eggs into the water for external fertilization.

How does the medusa stage of scyphozoans reproduce?

By releasing eggs and sperm into the water.

Name some examples of reptiles.

Turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodilians.

What abiotic factors influence polar marine ecosystems?

Temperature, salinity, ice cover, sunlight availability, nutrient levels, ocean currents.

What adaptations do marine iguanas have for feeding?

Sharp claws and specialized teeth and jaws.

What adaptations do marine iguanas have for swimming?

Flattened tails.

What are abiotic factors of coral reefs?

Tropical and subtropical waters, low nutrients, shallow and clear

What are albatrosses?

Large seabirds known for their flying abilities and complex courtship rituals.

What are animals?

Multicellular organisms that move and obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

What are arthropods?

Diverse group of invertebrate animals with jointed limbs, segmented bodies, and exoskeletons.

What are baleen whales?

Group of large marine mammals that filter small organisms from water for feeding.

What are birds?

Warm-blooded vertebrates with feathers, beaks, and the ability to fly.

What are cetaceans?

Marine mammals that include whales, dolphins, and porpoises.

What are cnidarians?

A phylum of animals including jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones.

What are cnidocytes?

Specialized stinging cells in cnidarians that contain nematocysts.

What are coral reefs?

Underwater ecosystems formed by coral polyps.

What are decapods?

A group of crustaceans with 10 legs.

What are down feathers?

A soft, fluffy feather for insulation.

What are dugongs?

Large marine mammals related to manatees.

What are eared seals?

Seals with external ear flaps, such as sea lions and fur seals.

What are flight feathers?

Specialized feathers enabling birds to fly

What are life stages in crustaceans?

Protozoea, Zoea, and Nauplius

What are marine mammals?

Mammals adapted to live in aquatic environments

What are marine reptiles?

Reptiles adapted to live in marine environments

What are marine tetrapods?

Vertebrate animals adapted to marine environments

What are pelicans?

Large water birds with long beaks and throat pouches used for catching fish.

What are penguins?

Flightless birds adapted for life in the water, found primarily in the Southern Hemisphere.

What are pinnipeds?

A group of marine mammals including seals, sea lions, and walruses.

What are polar bears?

Large marine mammals and apex predators of the Arctic.

What are polar ecosystems?

Ecosystems near Earth's poles with extreme cold temperatures and specialized species.

What are Porifera?

Simple multicellular filter-feeding organisms that live in aquatic environments.

What are reptile eggs?

Eggs with a leathery or calcified shell.

What are reptiles?

Cold-blooded vertebrate animals with scaly skin.

What are salt glands?

Specialized organs that excrete excess salt from marine animals.

What are scyphozoans?

A class of cnidarians that includes jellyfish.

What are sea otters?

Marine mammals found in northern Pacific Ocean

What are sea snakes?

Venomous reptiles adapted to aquatic life in Indian and Pacific Oceans

What are seabird courtship rituals?

Behaviors and displays to attract a mate. Demonstrate health and compatibility.

What are sirenians?

Fully aquatic mammals that include manatees and dugongs.

What are some adaptations of marine mammals to pressure?

Flexible rib cages, oxygen storage in musc, specialized lungs and airways

What are some adaptations of marine mammals to temperature?

Blubber/fat insulation, dense fur coat, large flippers/surface area modifications

What are some adaptations of reptiles?

Scales, claws, specialized respiratory systems.

What are some adaptations of sea snakes for living in marine environments?

Streamlined body, paddle-like tail, nostrils on top of head, gas exchange through skin, venomous bites, specialized jaws

What are some adaptations of sea turtles?

Streamlined body, flippers, shell, salt glands, navigation ability

What are some adaptations of seabirds?

Waterproof plumage, webbed feet, salt glands, and a diet of fish and marine invertebrates.

What are some common groups of seabirds?

Albatrosses, petrels, gulls, auks, penguins, and terns.

What are some examples of biotic factors in coral reefs?

Corals, fish, invertebrates, algae, microorganisms.

What are some examples of biotic factors in polar seas?

Phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, marine mammals, birds.

What are some examples of crustaceans?

Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, crayfish.

What are spicules?

Small, needle-like structures in sponges.

What are sponges?

Multicellular filter feeders without true tissues or organs.

What are tetrapods?

Vertebrate animals with four limbs or descended from them

What are the adaptations of otariids for swimming?

Highly adapted for swimming and have a more flexible neck compared to true seals.

What are the adaptations of penguins for life in cold environments?

Streamlined bodies, flipper-like wings for swimming, and dense feathers that provide insulation.

What are the characteristics of walruses?

Large, tusked pinnipeds adapted to live in both water and on land.

What are the different cell types in sponges?

Choanocytes, pinacocytes, archaeocytes, and sclerocytes.

What are the ecological benefits of coral reefs?

High biodiversity, nursery areas, nutrient cycling, erosion protection.

What are the economic benefits of coral reefs?

Tourism and fisheries resources

What are the environmental benefits of coral reefs?

Water quality improvement and carbon cycling

What are toothed whales?

Marine mammals with teeth and are capable of echolocation.

What are tubenoses?

Seabirds with tubular nostrils on their bills.

What are vertebrates?

Animals with a backbone or spinal column.

What are webbed feet?

Specialized feet or toes of certain aquatic animals, including birds like ducks and swans, that are connected by a membrane of skin called a web.

What are Zooxanthellae?

Symbiotic photosynthetic algae in coral tissues.

What do pelicans use their beaks and throat pouches for?

For catching fish.

What do penguins feed on?

Fish and other marine organisms.

What do sea turtles primarily feed on?

Seagrasses, algae, jellyfish

What do Zooxanthellae provide to host organisms?

Energy through photosynthesis.

What group do Zooxanthellae belong to?

Dinoflagellate group.

What is a coral polyp?

A small, individual organism that forms coral reefs.

What is a crustacean exoskeleton?

An external skeleton made of chitin and calcium carbonate.

What is a falcon?

A bird of prey known for hunting prowess. Marine falcons include Bald Eagles and Osprey.

What is a marine iguana?

Only iguana species that forages and swims in the ocean.

What is a polyp?

A cylindrical, sessile body form found in cnidarians.

What is a reef?

A submerged or partially submerged structure composed of various living and non-living components.

What is asexual reproduction in cnidarians?

Reproduction through budding or division of the polyp to create genetically identical clones.

What is asexual reproduction in sponges?

Budding.

What is bird molting?

The process by which birds replace old feathers with new ones.

What is chordata?

A phylum of animals that includes vertebrates.

What is convergent evolution?

Independent evolution of similar traits in different species. Common in secondary marine species.

What is coral bleaching?

Expulsion of symbiotic algae from corals due to stress.

What is crustacean molting?

Periodic shedding of exoskeleton for growth.

What is decompression sickness?

The bends! Caused by a decrease in pressure, leading to expansion of nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream. Occurs during the ascent.

What is dissolved nitrogen?

Nitrogen in body tissues while diving.

What is echolocation?

A sonar system used by some animals. In cetaceans, it involves the melon organ and lower jaw.

What is endosymbiosis?

Close interaction between two species where one lives within the cells of another.

What is filter feeding?

Feeding strategy involving filtering food particles from water

What is Odobenidae?

A family of marine mammals that includes the walrus.

What is Otariidae?

A family of marine mammals that includes eared seals such as sea lions and fur seals.