WORLD CIV UNIT 3 EXAM

Purpose of Vase

a functional object in everyday life to store, transport, and serve liquids like wine and water, with different shapes designed for specific purposes such as drinking, pouring, or mixing, while also serving as a medium for artistic expression through painted decorations depicting scenes from mythology and daily life; essentially, they were both practical containers and art pieces reflecting Greek culture and beliefs

Ideal Greek Woman

Women in Greece were expected to be married and have children. They were not permitted to leave the house unless it was to the water fountains. They were chaperoned when they did leave.

Herodotus

Called the father of lies. Didn’t weed out the fantastical aspects of ancient civilizations. Also considered the father of history. He wrote about the Greek Persian wars.

Thucydides

Wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War. He put speeches into people’s mouths. He created speeches that historical people said, but they didn’t actually say it. He was not done writing when he died.

Xenophon

He finished the History of the Peloponnesian War after Thucydides died. He is also known for writing the anabis. Anabis is the story of Xenophon and the Greek mercenaries.

Drama

tragedy and comedy. Of the two, tragedy was considered reputable and popular. Drama performed by all-male casts, wearing suitably dour or funny grotesque masks.

Sophocles

A tragedy writer. Wrote the Oedipus Rex trilogy that includes Antigone.

Aiskhylos

A tragedy writer, wrote the Persians, Agamemnon, and the Furies.

Aristophanes

poked fun at the politicians of his day, the Peloponnesian War, and gender roles. Wrote Lysistra and the Clouds, a comedy writer.

Philosophy

Means love of wisdom. Philosophy was originally tied to science; both sought using rational rather than mythical explanations for how the world works. Over time, science and philosophy parted ways, science remaining more rooted in the material world, and philosophy increasingly focusing on ethics and metaphysical matters. Philosophers were often teachers (known as sophists). Esteemed for their wisdom, it became fashionable for wealthy families to send their sons to acquire education under the instruction of philosophers.

Metaphysical

Abstract thought or subjects, such as meaning of existence or truth

Socrates

questioned what he considered silly traditions and conventions. As a teacher, Socrates put students on the spot, asking them direct questions and forcing them to re-examine, justify, or abandon their assumptions (called the Socratic Method). Not everyone appreciated Socrates philosophy or methods; he was condemned in 399 BC for corrupting the youth and forced to poison himself with hemlock

Plato

Plato studied under Socrates (and wrote most of what is known of Socrates). Plato's philosophy focused on the inner, metaphysical forms of things, like ideas relating to goodness and ethics. Plato believed in future rewards for good conduct in life, laying groundwork for some ideas later found in Christianity. His philosophy also led him to advocate for his own brand of government, a “Republic” ruled by educated elites and by a philosopher king. He also founded The Academy, an important school.

Aristotle

A student of Plato, Aristotle’s philosophy focused on the intended purpose of things (e.g., the acorn would become an oak, man’s intended purpose was to become a politically conscious citizen). He also compiled lists and categories of things so that he could compare, classify, and better understand information. Aristotle believed political power rightly belonged to the rich and educated. He founded his own school, called the Lyceum, and taught Alexander the Great.

Diogenes

challenged and abandoned all traditional assumptions like loyalty and obedience to the polis. Cynics also lived in austerity (plain and simple living), thus their ideas did not appeal to the wealthy. Diogenes is reported to have “lit a lamp in broad daylight and said, as he went about, ‘I am searching for a human being’

Epikouros

believed that life is nasty, brutish, and short. Therefore, you should enjoy the time you have, live life to the fullest while one was still around to enjoy it. Pleasure and comfort are good for the soul

Zenon

believed that the way to get through life reasonably free from pain was to engage in moderation in all things. Stoics did not embrace the highs and lows of life, instead they refused to allow themselves to feel too much happiness or too much pain. Believed the universe was guided by an organizing principle called “logos” or divine reason

Macedon

existed on the margins of the Greek world. It differed from the rest of Greece in that Macedons retained a king (monarchy form of government), and the Macedonian king had been a vassal of Persia in the early 5th century. Despite this, Macedon was accepted as a fellow Greek area because they believed the king was a descendent of Herakles (also known as Hercules), a supposed son of Zeus in Greek heroic stories. Their Greek identity was furthered by their inclusion in Olympic competitions.

Phillip 2

Took over ruling Macedon. Made changes to the military after studying the Greek hoplites in Thebes. He had them carry sarisas and work with archers. He also added cavalry to their forces. In the battle of Chaeronea, Alexander was on Philips left. Isokrates believed that Philip could drive out the Persians and would be good. Demosthenes thought that Philip was bad, that Greek would lose its individuality. Philip becomes the master of Greece and sets his mind on invading Persia. Philip is murdered by Psaneaus before they can go to war. Result of his reign is that the Macedons conquer Greece.

Sarisas

A very long spear, heavier and longer than traditional Greek spears.

Chaeronea

Alexander was on Philips left, was a big deal. Isocrates believed that Philip could drive out the Persians and would be good. Demosthenes thought that Philip was bad, that Greek would lose its individuality.

Alexander the Great

They(Alexander and Darius) fought at Granicus, Issos, and Gaugamela. Once Alexander leaves Greece to invade Persia, he never came back.Alexander manages to defeat Darius due to getting the higher ground at the battle of Granicus river. Battle of Issos, Alexander gets up on a hillside and outsmarts Darius. Alexander wins this battle as well. Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander deliberately chose the low ground, and still won. Moves on to conquer India, wants to keep going but his army quit on him. Along the journey he is told by oracles he is invincible and a god. Once his army returns to Babylon after going through the Gedrosian desert, he makes his troops marry native. Alexander takes up some Persian customs before he mysteriously dies. The impact of his rule is his large empire, but he also starts the Hellenistic Period and Diadochi.

Darius 3

Last king of the Persians, fought with Alexander, and was defeated.

Persepolis

Alexander the Great burned down the palace of Xerxes here to get revenge for the Persian burning of Athens years earlier.

Diadohki

Five of Alexander’s generals divide up the empire for themselves and proclaim themselves kings. They fight each other for 40 years, after which 3 of the dynasties survive. Collectively, they are called the Diadochi. The remaining three are the Antigonids in Macedon, the Ptolemies in Egypt, and the Seleucids in Syria and the eastern provinces.The ptolemies in Egypt descended from Alexander’s general Ptolemy. They ruled from Alexandria founded by Alexander himself.Despite their Egyptian location, they ruled as Greeks (intervening in Greek affairs) for 300 years. While holding on to Greek or Hellenistic culture, they also adopted various non-Greek traditions, like royal incest, and the idea of divine kingship.Although they adopted some non-Greek traditions, they worshiped Greek temples. Built the lighthouse, and the Great Library. The Seleucids also practiced royal incest and divine power. It is with the Seleucids that Hellenistic tradition reaches its peak as they found many new cities.These cities helped import Greek culture and Greek society into new lands. The Antigonids did not practice royal incest!! Ruled Greece as Greeks

Antigonids

ruled in Macedon and Greece stayed away from such eastern traditions (presumably because they would not appeal to their subjects)

Ptolomies

The ptolemies in Egypt descended from Alexander’s general Ptolemy. They ruled from Alexandria founded by Alexander himself.Despite their Egyptian location, they ruled as Greeks (intervening in Greek affairs) for 300 years. While holding on to Greek or Hellenistic culture, they also adopted various non-Greek traditions, like royal incest, and the idea of divine kingship. Although they adopted some non-Greek traditions, they worshiped Greek temples. Built the lighthouse, and the Great Library.

Seleucids

descended from Alexander’s general Seleukos and acted similar to the Ptolemies. Their native kingdom was technically Babylonia, but they preferred newly-founded Greek-inspired cities in their region such as Antioch. Like the Ptolemies, the Seleucids claimed divine status and practiced royal incest. It is with the Seleucids that the Hellenistic tradition reaches its peak as they found many new cities. These cities (often mimicking the old poleis/city-states of Greece) helped import Greek culture and Greek society into new lands, although they are no longer independent city-states.

Serapis

Deity that is part Zeus, Osiris, Apus, and Dionysus. Hybrid deity

Syncretism

Being able to identify a god, even in a different form, the ability to recognize gods in other cultures

Pergamon

As an example of Hellenistic influence, the new kingdom of Pergamon prospered and the capitol itself was built up as a perfectly Greek city, complete with an acropolis, columned temples, theater, etc. Eventually surrender to the romans. The most imposing surviving monument of Pergamon is the Altar to Zeus. It has ionic columns and greek inspired sculptures. King Attalos is responsible for Pergamon. Eventually expands to a larger area. Has Classical Greek influence in realism, but are no longer realistic in terms of perfection. Has statues that show wounds.

Etruscans

Introduced superior bronze work, black pottery, and the chariot. Also fashion, banquets, and sports. They were also very superstitious, something the Romans followed heavily.

Plebeians

Poor working class. They make up 90% of the population

Patricians

make up around 10 % of the population, they are the wealthy elite, landowners, they control the government of the new Republic

Patrons

citizens with power and wealth, often sought out by others for help. Those the patron helped became dependent on the patron as clients and could be called upon to support the patron when needed.

Dignitas

Dignity, honor, self worth. The concept of dignitas required eligible nobles to serve as magistrates of the Republic or as army officers.

Cincinatus

Was declared dictator twice in emergencies. In both cases, he gave up his power before his term ended and returned to his farm.

Roman Military

propelled the rise of Rome. The Roman military forced neighbors into submission. Some of those conquered areas are allowed to become Roman citizens. Other conquered communities were citizens minus voting rights. All conquered communities contributed money and troops to Rome. Roman military comprised of citizen troops, generally members of middle class who supplied own armor and weapons. Roman soldiers wore heavy armor, and they were organized into legions. They differed from the Greek phalanx in that Roman soldiers trained to fight individually in addition to collectively, making them more versatile. The Roman army was based on the legion system, which means “to collect”. The legion system was adopted during the time of the Samnite wars. The Romans abandoned the phalanx and adopted a checkerboard shape which was more flexible. The phalanx was then used only for retreating

Pyross of Epirus

Greek king/general. Rome became involved in a dispute between the Greek cities in the south, and had agreed to help defend the city Thurii. Pyrrhos won many victories against the Romans using elephants, but he also lost a lot of men and his losses caused him to note “another such victory and I’ll be destroyed”. He invaded Sicily in 278BC in hope of driving out the Carthaginians but was unsuccessful. In 275 BC he was defeated by Rome on land, and by Carthage on the sea.

Carthage

Carthage had a strong navy, but its army was composed mainly of mercenaries. Rome eventually wins due to the ability of their allies to provide supplies and men – Rome can continually rebuild fleets even after they are destroyed by Carthage navy. Punic Wars were between Carthage and Rome. Losses all the Punic wars, however win almost every battle.

Punic Wars

Series of wars fought between Carthage and Rome. Carthage wins many battles, but Rome won all three of the Punic Wars. Results are that the Romans controlled from Spain to Egypt. They referred to the Mediterranean as “our sea”. Rome gains control of nearby islands such as Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor are Roman provinces. Warfare changes. Instead of coming home for the growing season, the army stays until the battle is finished. This change has a significant social impact on Rome: women are forced to pay taxes but cannot afford to, and so they are forced to move to the cities with their slaves. The cities cannot handle the increase in population. Slums are formed. The Roman welfare system is developed. “Bread and circuses” Free bread and gladiators for entertainment.

Hannibal

The greatest Carthaginian general is Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barcas. He fights in the 2nd Punic war. outsmarts the Romans and wins the first major battle of the war at the Trebbia River. Between 12,000 to 15,00 Roman casualties. 217 BC Hannibal defeats Romans at Lake Tresimenus. He uses the lake, hills, and a foggy morning for the ambush, killing close to 15,000 of the 25,000-man Roman army. All captured non-Romans were released unharmed. Why? 216 BC Hannibal inflicts great defeat of Romans at famous battle of Cannae. Hannibal released non Roman prisoners.

Scipio

drives the Carthaginians out of Spain. In 205 BC, Scipio invades north Africa. Hannibal is recalled to Carthage to defend the city. In 202 BC, at the battle Zama, outside Carthage, Scipio’s superior cavalry defeats Hannibal using some of Hannibal’s own tactics. Scipio becomes known as Scipio Africanus and Hannibal is forced to escape to Syria. Eventually commits suicide before he can be turned over to the Romans.

Zama

Hannibal sends a message to Carthage that they should surrender. Skippio defeats Hannibal and his army to win the second punic war

Rome vs Antigonids

Phillip 5

Made the mistake of allying with Hannibal in the 2nd Punic war. This angered the Romans and a war breaks out over this.

Perseus

Son of Philip the 5th. Fights in the 3rd Macedonian war. Allies himself with Seleucid kingdom and Rhodes and attempts to defeat Romans. Ends up being defeated in the 3rd Macedonian war.

Rome vs Seleucids

The Seleucids were another of Alexander’s Hellenistic dynasties that initially resisted Rome. Started the Syrian Wars.

Antiokhos 3

comes to Greece from Seleucid center in Asia Minor, but is defeated by Romans, Scipio Africanus at the battle of Magnesia. Hannibal had taken refuge with Antiokhos III but commits suicide in 184 BC to avoid capture.

Antiokhos 4

The Seleucid king involved in Jewish revolts occurring prior to and during the Roman Empire’s reign. He tried to force paganism on the Jews, causing a revolt. He underestimated the power/determination of the revolting Jewish people and was defeated by them.

Gracchi Brothers

serve as tribunes between 133 BC and 121 BC. The grandsons of Scipio Africanus, they are from a wealthy patrician family. They propose laws to limit the amount of land any one person can hold and colonize other areas to give farms to the landless, winning support of the people but the animosity of the elite/Patricians. They proposed land reform program to: LIMIT SIZE OF ESTATES, REDISTRIBUTE LAND TO THE POOR.

Latifundia

Large farm or estate

Marius

General and Politician but was denied an army by the senate. Marius recruits legions without the property qualification, then gets senate to award land to his soldiers after their victories. It is a precedent that follows for the next century, generals using landless soldiers by promising the soldiers rewards from the senate for their service. The veterans of the wars become political clients of the generals, meaning armies are loyal to generals, not the state. He made army professional by calling for volunteers from the city working class. He made army professional by calling for volunteers from the city working class. ARMIES NOW MORE LOYAL TO GENERALS RATHER THAN STATE!

Sulla

Optimate general. Sulla fought rebellious allies in Italy and secured himself a consul position. He became the first Roman general to: Use army for political purposes,March army into Rome. Sulla was dictator for 3 years. He killed the leaders of the populares and made the power of the Senate supreme again.

Pompey

First triumvirate successfully blocks a civil war between Crassus and Pompey. Switched alliances from populares to the optimates because of Caesars growing popularity. Defeated by Caesar in 48 BC in the battle of Pharsales, then flees to Egypt and executed by King Ptolomy.

Crassus

Defeated Sparticus and killed him in battle. Was one of the three in the first triumvirate.

Julius Caesar

Pompey recognizes that Caesar is a problem. Tells the senate to tell Caesar that if he wants to run for consul again, Caesar has to come back to Rome to do so. Tells him when he gets to the Rubicon River, he has to disband his army and send everyone home. Then he may come into Rome and be reelected. Caesar went to Rome with 1 legion and was joined by 5 other legions. Pompey flees to Egypt, where Ptolemey kills him. Caesar sets up Cleopatra as Egyptian queen, becomes her mistress, and she bears his child. Caesar appoints himself dictator of Rome for 10 years, and then changes it to dictator for life.

1st Triumvirate

Was made up of Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar. 3 powerful men, protection from the Senate it formed. Great fame and fortune from the conquest of Gaul. Ends after the death of Crassus. Was highly illegal and shows the decline of the Roman Republic Political institutions.

Octavian

Succeeded Caesar after Caesar adopted him in his will. Formed the second triumvirate with Marc Antony and Lepidus. Declares Antony enemy of Rome after Antony goes to Egypt and marries Cleopatra.Caesar’s nephew who took the name Augustus which means “revered one”. He established Praetorian Guards, 9,000 elite troops as his personal bodyguard. Later emperors will lose control of them. He is best remembered for reorganizing the Roman treasury, as well as increasing the distribution of free grain and a vast program of public works. He also instituted Julian laws to regulate family life and morals, exiling his own daughter for having an affair.

2nd Triumvirate

Was made up of Marc Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus. Formal and official, and shows political institutions in Rome are becoming less rigid, and that the Republic is falling apart. Marked 300 senators and 2000 others for execution, including Cicero. Ends when Lepidus attempts to seize Sicily from Octavian.

Caesar Augustus

Roman Provinces/Legates

Client Kingdoms

vassals or clients of the roman empire who retained a small amount of autonomy.

Forum

Was similar to the agora in Greek cities. The forum served as a marketplace and assembly place in Roman cities. This is also where Roman citizens gathered to vote.

Nero

Burned the Etruscan dictionary. Step son to Claudius. and when emperor claimed he was an artist. Accused of incest with sisters. He was the first to persecute Christians. Tyrannical behavior, killed his brother and mother. He ended up killing himself.

Vespasian

Begins the colosseum of Rome. Restored order and stability by reorganizing the army. He also limited power of Praetorian Guard.

Titus

Oldest son of Vespasian. He completed Colosseum. During his reign, Mt.Vesuvius erupts and the city of Pompeii disappears. He also ended the first Jewish Revolt in 70 AD. He destroyed the 2nd Temple and forced many Jews into slavery around the empire.

Roman Roads

Romans build great roads that improve communication. Roads also have military purpose, legions can be dispatched quickly.Trade is positively impacted by roads and the possession of the entire Mediterranean Sea.

Aqueducts

carried water over long distances to Roman cities. Contained lead that poisoned the people of Rome.

Colosseum

Most famous architectural structure during Roman times. Finished by Titus in 80 AD. Housed Gladiator games, part of bread and circuses.

Circus Maximus

Another Roman pastime was chariot races. This held the most people. It is a track for chariot racing. This is another part of bread and circuses.

Pompeii

The city of Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of a volcano. However the remains of Pompeii gives us glimpses into everyday Roman life, including showing us public baths and street remains.

Maccabees

Priestly family who rose to power in Judea during rebellion against Seleucids and the Hellenizing allies. Led by priest Matthias and his sons. Established themselves as priest kings in Jerusalem, known as the Hasmonean dynasty.

Hasmoneans

Herod the Great

Built Herod’s temple, a client king of the Roman Empire in Jerusalem. Does not win loyalty of subjects, and Jerusalem divides into rival factions.

Sadducees

who support the primacy of high priest, traditional, cooperate with king and Romans.

Pharisees

a faction of the rabbis…function out of synagogues and believe it is up to them to interpret the religious law of the Old Testament…strict interpretation of the law.

Zealots

who were not religious in motivation, but revolutionaries against foreign control of their land (against Rome)

Messiah

The savior that the Jews expected to give them salvation, but didn’t know what form he would come in

Christianity

Persecuted in 3rd century AD but eventually became official Roman religion.

Spread of Christianity

Trajan

Was emperor during the very apex of the Roman Empire. He also built more forums. He built the column of Trajan. Ruled for 19 years. Adopted Hadrian. One of the best Roman emperors.

Hadrian

One of the first Roman emperors to be born outside of Rome. Built Hadrian's wall. He makes the empire much smaller because it is too big. One of the best Roman emperors. He also rebuilt the Pantheon. Also known for having another uprising of the Jews. He separated the Jews, so they can’t live together as a group anymore. That is why the Jews ended up in Germany and Poland, leading to the Holocaust.

Marcus Aurelius

 Is called the philosopher king because he was highly educated and he wrote a book. He was a stoic philosopher. He was the first Roman emperor to deal with the Germanic tribes. He dies fighting against the Germanic tribes. He is forced to persecute the Christians after they refused to serve in the military. He did not adopt, instead he went with his son

Antoninus Caracalla

He became unpopular due to his tax policy. Built the baths of Caracalla. He made the Edict of Caracalla

Constituto Antoniniana

Makes all free subjects of the Roman empire Roman citizens. Key outcome is that all Roman citizens must now pay taxes. It helps Rome economically, but hurts it socially. Also known as the Edict of Caracalla.

Crisis of the 3rd Century

In the years between 235-285, 25 different emperors were recognized in Rome (with many others claiming the title without formal recognition). Obviously, this leads to increased government instability. Few of the emperor’s ruled for long periods or establish strong leadership positions. Period also referred to as the Barracks emperors. Armies become politically important. Armies stationed in different quarters of the empire could declare their generals as emperors, thereby leading to additional civil wars

Valerian

Was captured in battle and by the Sassanids. Was killed in captivity after being beaten to death.

Aurelian’s Walls

A sign of the insecurity and instability in the Roman Empire. The walls are built around the city of Rome to protect the city from invaders, something long considered impossible.

Diocletian

reforms the Roman government system, including ordering a census and imposing a new taxation based on the census results. He triples the size of government by creating new layers of administration and smaller units of government. This shows the different prefects created by diocletian. This new government system slowly disintegrated centralized power in the Roman Empire; few emperors now live close to Rome, the administrative heart of the country. Sets up a system with 2 emperors and 2 co emperors. He issues the Price Edict, which set maximum legal price and wages for commodities.

Tetrarchy

Constantine 1

First Christian emperor of Rome. Creates wealthy city called Constantinople.He issued Edict of Milan, which called for universal religious toleration 313. The Edict of Milan (313) issued by Constantine I, grants religious toleration in the Roman Empire to Christians.He built the Arch of Constantine to commemorate his victory over Maxentius

Edict of Milan

Constantine makes Christianity legal. Christianity begins to flourish after this

Constantinople

Constantine moved capitol from Rome to Byzantium and city became known as Constantinople. Moving capitol here was good because of location on sea, making it good for trade and communication. Strategic proximity to other Roman Empire locations.

Council of Nicea

Constantine I wanted agreement on official versions of church belief, so he convened the Council of Nicea. The decisions of the council included rulings on heresy (beliefs at odds with those of the church), punishments for heresy, and Arianism. The council produces a “unified” doctrine of Christianity and declares Arianism as heresy.

Arianism

Belief of Arain, an early influential Christian, that Jesus was a separate but lesser god than God. Contradicted Christian insistence on monotheism.

Julian the Apostate

Roman emperor and Constantine’s nephew who reverts back to paganism (last Roman emperor to do so). Tried to revitalize paganism but died before changes were made.

Theodosius 1

A christian emperor who makes Christianity the official religion of Rome. Made orthodox Christianity the state religion. With his death, the division of the empire became permanent.

Council of Constantinople

The council of Constantinople again condemns Arianism. Also reinforces orthodox Christianity and makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. Also creates the hierarchy of the church.

Huns

The Huns, a powerful nomadic tribe of fierce cavalry warriors sweeping through Europe from Asia, conquering other nomadic tribes outside of the Roman Empire. The other nomadic tribes must join the Huns or flee. Many of those who flee seek refuge inside the Roman Empire. They appear in the west around 370 AD. They reached their height under Attila.