APUSH Time Period 7 Vocab A

Imperialists/Imperialism

____________ refers to the policy or practice of extending a nation's power and influence through colonization, military conquest, or economic dominance over other nations or territories. ________ are those who support or advocate for such policies or practices. Imperialism pertains to the expansionist policies pursued by the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including territorial acquisitions such as Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. Imperialism also played a role in shaping US foreign policy, particularly during events like the Spanish-American War of 1898.

Alfred T. Mahan/Influence of Sea Power Upon History

Some people believed that the United States needed to compete with the imperialistic nations or it would be sidelined as a second-class power in world affairs. Chief among these was U.S. Navy Captain __________. He shaped the debate over the need for naval bases with his book _______________(1890). He argued that a strong navy was crucial to a country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power. Mahan's book was widely read by prominent American citizens as well as by political leaders in Europe and Japan.

Spanish-American War

The _________ was the result of a combination of jingoism, economic interests, and moral concerns made the United States more willing to go to war than it had been. These factors came together in 1898. The _________ was a conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898, sparked by the USS Maine explosion in Havana Harbor, Cuba. It lasted about four months, resulting in significant American victories in Cuba and the Philippines. The Treaty of Paris ended the war, granting the US control over territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. This war marked a turning point in US foreign policy, establishing the US as a global power and sparking debates about imperialism.

jingoism

___________ was an extreme form of nationalism characterized by aggressive foreign policy, militarism, and a fervent patriotism that often advocates for war or military action as a solution to international disputes. _________ was evident during periods of heightened nationalist sentiment, such as in the late 19th century leading up to the Spanish-American War. It influenced public opinion and political decisions, contributing to the expansionist and interventionist policies pursued by the United States during that time.

yellow journalism (yellow press)

Actively promoting war fever in the United States was “____________," sensationalistic reporting that featured bold and lurid headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal. Among the most sensationalistic newspapers were Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. These papers printed exaggerated and false accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba. Believing what they read daily in their newspapers, many Americans urged Congress and the president to intervene in Cuba for humanitarian reasons and put a stop to the atrocities and suffering.

Joseph Pulitzer

_____________ was a newspaper publisher known for his significant contributions to American journalism. He is best remembered for his ownership of the New York World newspaper and for establishing the Pulitzer Prizes. Pulitzer's newspapers, particularly the New York World, were known for their sensationalist and populist approach, helping to popularize the style of journalism known as "yellow journalism." ___________ is significant for his influence on American media and his role in shaping public opinion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

William Randolf Hearst

________ was a prominent newspaper publisher known for his influential role in American journalism during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He popularized yellow journalism and owned newspapers like the New York Journal. ___________ played a significant role in shaping public opinion, particularly during the Spanish-American War, when his sensationalist reporting helped drum up support for U.S. intervention in Cuba.

USS Maine

On February 15, 1898, the U.S. battleship _______ was at anchor in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, when it suddenly exploded, killing 260 Americans on board. The yellow press accused Spain of deliberately blowing up the ship. However, experts later concluded that the explosion was probably an accident. Following the sinking of the ________, President McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it agree to a ceasefire in Cuba. Spain agreed to this demand, but U.S. newspapers and a majority in Congress kept clamoring for war. McKinley yielded to the public pressure in April by sending a war message to Congress. The sinking of the battle ship resulted in increased tensions between the two countries and ultimately the outbreak of war.

Teller Amendment

The ___________ was a piece of legislation passed by the United States Congress in 1898, just before the Spanish-American War. It stated that the United States had no intention of annexing or dominating Cuba after the war. The amendment was intended to reassure other nations and the Cuban people that the United States' involvement in the conflict was not driven by imperialistic ambitions. The _________ is significant because it reflects debates over American expansionism and imperialism during the late 19th century, as well as the complexities of US foreign policy during this period.

Theodore Roosevelt

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, ___________ played a significant role in the expansionist and imperialist movements of the United States. His presidency saw the country assert its influence beyond its borders through actions such as the Spanish-American War, which resulted in the acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Roosevelt's foreign policy, exemplified by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, expanded American intervention in Latin America. Additionally, his advocacy and involvement led to the construction of the Panama Canal, which facilitated maritime trade and bolstered American geopolitical power. _________ was significant for his role in the Progressive Era and his impact on domestic and foreign affairs during his presidency.

Treaty of Paris, 1898

The _________ ended the Spanish-American War. More controversial than the war itself was the peace treaty signed in Paris on December 10, 1898. It provided for (1) recognition of Cuban independence, (2) Us. acquisition of two Spanish islands-Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and Guam in the Pacific, and (3) U.S. control of the Philippines in return for a $20 million payment to Spain. Since the avowed purpose of the U.S. war effort wasto liberate Cuba, Americans accepted this provision of the treaty. However, many opposed taking over the Philippines, a large island nation, as a colony.

Puerto Rico

As a result of the Spanish-American War, the new American empire stretched from _______ in the Caribbean to the Philippines in the Pacific. As a strategic necessity for holding on to these far-flung islands, the United States desired a canal through Central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.___________ is an unincorporated territory of the United States in the Caribbean, acquired from Spain in 1898. It's significant for its role in U.S. expansionism and debates over colonialism and political representation.

Philippines

The __________ is an archipelago in Southeast Asia that was acquired by the United States from Spain in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley's assistant secretary of the navy, was an expansionist eager to show off the power of his country's new, all-steel navy. Anticipating war, and recognizing the strategic value of Spain's territories in the Pacific, Roosevelt had ordered a fleet commanded by Commodore George Dewey to go to the ________. This large group of islands had been under Spanish control ever since the 1500s. Shortly after war was declared, Commodore Dewey's fleet fired on Spanish ships in Manila Bay. The Spanish fleet was soon pounded into submission by U.S. naval guns. The fight on land took longer. Allied with Filipino rebels, U.S. troops captured the city of Manila on August 13.

Emilio Aguinaldo

On February 6, 1899, the Treaty of Paris (including Philippine annexation) came to a vote in Congress. Despite Anti imperialist efforts, the Treaty of Paris was ratified. The people of the Philippines were outraged that their hopes for national independence from Spain were now being denied by the United States. __________ was a Filipino revolutionary leader who fought for Philippine independence from both Spanish and American rule. He led the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonialism and later the resistance against American control in the Philippine-American War. He led bands of guerrilla fighters in a war against U.S. control. It took U.S. troops three years to defeat the insurrection. The conflict resulted in the deaths of about 5,000 people from the United States and several hundred thousand Filipinos-mostly civilians who died from diseases.

Anti-Imperialist League

The ___________ was an organization founded in the United States in 1898 to oppose the annexation of territories acquired by the United States during the Spanish-American War, such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Its members included prominent figures such as Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and William Jennings Bryan. The league argued against imperialism on moral, legal, and practical grounds, emphasizing principles of self-determination and opposition to the subjugation of other peoples.The __________ is significant for representing a dissenting voice against U.S. expansionism and imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, highlighting debates over American foreign policy and the nation's role in the world.

Insular Cases

The ___________ were a series of Supreme Court decisions in the early 20th century that addressed the legal status of territories acquired by the United States after the Spanish-American War. Did the provisions of the U.S. Constitution apply to whatever territories fell under U.S. control, including the Philippines and Puerto Rico? Eventually, they established that constitutional rights did not automatically apply to these territories and clarified Congress's authority to govern them. The ___________ reflect debates over imperialism and shaped the legal status of U.S. territories.

Platt Amendment

Bitterly resented by Cuban nationalists, the _________ required Cuba to agree (1) to never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, (2) to permit the United States to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order, and (3) to allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba, including one permanent base at Guantanamo Bay. In effect, the Platt Amendment made Cuba a U.S. protectorate. As a result, Cuba's foreign policy would, for many years, be subject to U.S. oversight and control.

Open door policy in China

The ___________ in China was a diplomatic proposal by the United States in 1899 to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China. It aimed to prevent the colonization of China by European powers and Japan, advocating for an open and free trade environment. The policy reflects America's efforts to protect its economic interests and assert influence in East Asia.

Boxer Rebellion

As the 19th century ended, nationalism and xenophobia (hatred and fear of foreigners) were on the rise in China. In 1900, a secret society of Chinese nationalists-the Society of Harmonious Fists, or Boxers-attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries. To protect American lives and property, U.S. troops participated in an international force that marched into Peking (Beijing) and quickly crushed the rebellion of the Boxers. The countries forced China to pay a huge indemnity, which further weakened the imperial regime.

“big stick diplomacy”

After the assasination of McKinly, Republican vice president Theodore Roosevelt succeded him. He was a young expansionist and hero of the Spanish-American War. Describing his foreign policy, the new president had once said that it was his motto to "speak softly and carry a big stick." The press therefore applied the label big stick" to Roosevelt's aggressive foreign policy. By acting boldly and decisively in a number of situations, Roosevelt attempted to build the reputation of the United States as a world power. Imperialists applauded his every move, but critics disliked breaking the tradition of nonentanglement inglobal politics. It emphasized the use of military power and assertive diplomacy to achieve American goals, particularly in the Western Hemisphere.

Panama Canal/Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

The __________ is a crucial waterway in Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Constructed by the United States and opened in 1914, it revolutionized international trade. The __________ of 1903 granted the U.S. control over the canal zone, facilitating its construction and management. These developments highlight American imperialism and its impact on global commerce.

Roosevelt Corollary

In 1904, it appeared that European powers stood ready to intervene in Santo Domingo (the Dominican Republic). Rather than let Europeans intervene in Latin America-a blatant violation of the Monroe Doctrine-Roosevelt declared in December 1904 that the United States would intervene instead, whenever necessary. This policy became known as the _______ to the Monroe Doctrine. It meant, for example, that the United States would send gunboats to a Latin American country that was delinquent in paying its debts. U.S. sailors and marines would then occupy the country's major ports to manage the collection of customs taxes until European debts were satisfied. Over the next 20 years, U.S. presidents used the ________ to justify sending U.S. forces into Haiti, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua. One long-term result of such interventions was poor U.S. relations with the entire region of Latin America.

Great White Fleet

The __________ was a nickname for the United States Navy's Atlantic Fleet, which consisted of battleships painted white, along with support vessels. The fleet embarked on a worldwide voyage from 1907 to 1909 under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. The purpose of the voyage was to showcase American naval power and project a message of strength and readiness for defense to other nations. The fleet traveled to various ports around the globe, including those in South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia, before returning to the United States. The ___________ demonstrated America's emergence as a global naval power and its willingness to assert its influence on the world stage.

William Howard Taft/”dollar diplomacy”

_________ was the 27th President of the United States. He implemented "____________" a foreign policy that used American economic power to advance U.S. interests abroad, particularly in Latin America and East Asia. ____________'s presidency and dollar diplomacy reflect America's evolving approach to foreign relations during the early 20th century.

Woodrow Wilson/”moral diplomacy”

__________ was the 28th President of the United States. He implemented "__________" a foreign policy that aimed to promote democratic ideals and human rights in U.S. relations with other countries. _________'s presidency and moral diplomacy reflect America's idealistic approach to foreign policy during the early 20th century.