Child Development Exam 1

Chapters 1-4

health and well-being, parenting, education, sociocultural contexts and diversity, and gender

5 areas children’s lives can be improved

resilient

when children find confidence despite negative stereotypes

an increase in a family’s income benefited the children in academics and positively changed their behavior

What did the Minnesota Family Investment Program find?

cohort

describes a group of individuals born around a similar point in history

nature vs nurture, continuity vs discontinuity, and early vs later experience

3 issues in development

helps make predictions

what is the purpose of a theory?

Freud’s theory

3 structures of personality (id, ego, superego), early experience, 5 psychosexual developmental stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital)

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

claimed primary motivation for human behavior is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people. Believed basic personality and developmental changes occur throughout lifespan. 8 psychosocial stages, life-span development, positive and negative pole for each stage

Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory

4 stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational), organize observations, and adapt to the environment

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

social interaction and culture, cognitive development, gaining knowledge through interaction

Information processing theory

computer operations, analogy, “manipulate observations, monitor it, and strategize it

Classical conditioning

salivating dog on command, stimulus, response

Operant conditioning

involuntary responses, rewarding vs punishing stimulus, behavior

Social cognitive theory-Bandura

behavior, environment, and cognition, observational learning, adopting behaviors (imitation and modeling)

Ecological theory

evolution, critical periods, animal experiements

Eclectic theoretical orientation

does not follow one specific theory; pieces together the best parts of each

chromosome

threadlike structure made up of DNA

DNA

complex molecule with a double helix shape that contains genetic information

Genes

units of hereditary information composed of DNA

Genotype

a person’s genetic heritage; the actual genetic material

Phenotype

the way a person’s genotype is expressed in observable measures

Down syndrome

an extra chromosome

Klinefelter syndrome

an extra X chromosome in males

Turner syndrome

missing an X chromosome in females

Ultrasound sonograpy

soundwaves on a woman’s stomach that gives a picture of the fetus; helps detect problems, gives gender, and happens at 7 weeks and beyond

Chorionic villus sampling

used to detect genetic abnormalities by taking a small sample of the placenta between 9.5-12.5 weeks

Amniocentesis

a test that looks for chromosome disorders between 14-20 weeks by taking a sample of the amniotic fluid

Passive hereditary-environmental correlations

children obtain genes from parents and parents allow an environment for those talents to flourish

Evocative hereditary-environmental correlations

a child is positively stimulated by environmental actions that support their gene makeup

Active hereditary-environmental correlations

children look for places that support their gene makeup/interests (niche-picking)

hereditary-environmental interactions

they are not additive; both are needed for development

First stage of prenatal development

Germinal period, conception to 2 weeks after, egg fertilizes and becomes fixed to wall and zygote cells continue to divide

Second stage of prenatal development

embryonic period, 2-8 weeks, cells are now considered an embryo and cells begin to differentiate into specific organs and body parts

Third stage of prenatal development

fetal period, lasts 7 months, child movement, determination of gender, skin and body parts form, and tissues develop

socioemotional processes

produce changes in an individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotion, and changes in personality

prenatal

conception to birth, incredibly rapid development

infancy

birth to 24 months, extremely dependent on adults

early childhood

2 to 6 years, becoming more self-sufficient, developing school skills, and playing with peers

middle and late childhood

6-11 years, building fundamental skills in reading, writing, and arithmetic; achievement is valued and self-control is built

adolescence

12 to 18 years, physical growth and puberty; spending more time outside of the family

psychoanalytic theories

describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion; surface characteristic; requires analyzing

id

unconscious instincts, pleasure seeking, no concept of right or wrong

ego

deals with the demands of reality and uses reasoning to make decisions, no concept of right or wrong

superego

conscience; moral branch of personality

behavioral theories

observable behaviors that can be learned through experience with the environment and can be observed and measured

classical conditioning

a neutral stimulus produces a response originally produced by another stimulus

operant conditioning

the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the future probability of a behavior

ethological theory

stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology and is tied to evolution; characterized by critical or sensitive periods

research challenges

IRB, ethical guidelines, biases

evolutionary psychology

importance of adaption, reproduction, survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

Fragile X Syndrome

abnormality in X chromosome

XYY Syndrome

extra Y causes above-average height

prenatal testing types

routine, monitoring, screening, and diagnostic

infertility

10-15% of couples experience this

epigenetic view

emphasizes that development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment

teratogens

any agent that can potentially cause a physical birth defect

RH factor

incompatibility between the mom and baby’s blood type

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily

Stage 1 of labor

contractions are happening to stretch mom’s cervix and can last 12-14 hours

Stage 2 of labor

baby is crowning and mom is actively pushing; baby is born

Stage 3

baby is being assessed by doctors, contractions are still happening, and the placenta and umbilical cord are being delivered

midwife

trained health practitioner who help women during labor, delivery, and afterbirth

doula

caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support to the mother before, during, and after childbirth

analgesics

drugs used to relieve pain

anesthesia

drugs used in late first-stage labor and during expulsion of the baby to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness (ex. epidural)

oxytocin

a hormone that promotes uterine contractions

preterm infants

extremely low to low birth weight (2lbs-5.5lbs); born 3 weeks or more before pregnancy has reached its full term

a lot of mothers are having children earlier

why has the number of preterm births increased?

kangaroo care

a method used with preterm babies that helps stabilize them

Postpartum period (stage 4)

fourth trimester (6 weeks), mother is adjusting; can produce: sleep deprivations, baby blues, postpartum depression and psychosis