Exam 1 micro

Medical microbiology

study of microbes to diseases

Public health microbiology

study of microbes affecting the well being of the community

Immunology microbiology

study protective substance and cells in microbiology

Industrial microbiology

how to protect food and water from microbes

Environmental microbiology

study of microbes on earth

theory of evolution

observable natural phenomenon

well studied

decomposition

microbes breakdown dead matter

via fungi and bacteria

Human use

genetic engineering

recombinant DNA technology

bioremediation

genetic engineering

manipulate genetics of microbes

to make new products or GMO

recombinant DNA technology

allow transfer of genetic material, alter DNA

bioremediation

introduce microbes to environment to restore stability ro clean toxic pollutants

communicable disease

infectious disease

non-communicable disease

non-infectious disease

Louis Pasteur

pasteur technique

swan neck test

environment needs to be exposed to be infected

Joseph Lister

created aseptic technique

operating room

reduce infections

Deductive reasoning

use basic principles to explain observation

Indeductive reasoning

process of finding basic principles by careful examination of specific case

thur experiments

Four structures found in all bacteria

• Cell membrane

• Bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region

• Ribosomes

• Cytoplasm

How many membrane bound organelles does bacteria dn archaea have?

none

Bacteria size

1 um

Capsule

Protect from phagocytosis

Plasmid

carry genes pathogenetically

Three distinct parts of flagella

basal body, hook, and filament

Chemotaxis

movement in response to chemical signals

Phototaxis

Movement towards light

Run

Counterclockwise movement of the flagellum/flagella

Cell swims in a smooth, linear direction toward a stimulus

Ribosome function

has rRNA and protein

spread through out cytoplasm

Bacterial ribosome size

70S

Bacterial endospores

Used for survival of the cell

resistant to environment

Genus for endospore

Bacillus

Whats related more to domain eukarya than to domain bacteria

Archaea

Whats a bacteria genus that lacks a cell wall?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Gram positive bacterium has a

thick cell wall

Mycoplasma

Deficient cell wall

Deficient cell wall

uses sterols for stabilization

resistant to lysis

Explain gram positive stain

stain purple

basic dye goes into the bacteria

thick peptidoglycan

teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

Example of gram positive bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus

Explain gram negative stain

pink stain

acid dye stays away from bacteria

thinner peptidoglycan wall + outer membrane

sensitive to lysis due to thinness

Example of gram negative bacteria

Escheria coli

Function of bacterial capsules

Provides structure and protection from phagocytosis by certain white blood cells

The term ‘coccus’ is classified as

Morphology

The term ‘chains’ is classified as

Arrangement

4 flagellar arrangements

Monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, and peritrichous

Monotrichous

1 flagellum

Amphitrichous

2 flagellas, one at each end

Lophotrichous

multiple flagellas at one end

Peritrichous

Flagellas all around the cell, many

Cell membrane

Site for many enzymes and metabolic reactions

Transport

Secretion

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane hold it together

has chromatin, ribosomes, plasmids, inclusion bodies, and cytoskeleton

Bacterial chromosomes

in nucleoid

single DNA circular strand

tight coil of DNA around protein molecules

in cytoplasm

Public health microbiology

impact of microbes to the well being of the community

Medical microbiology

how microbes take place in disease

Acellular

Virus and Prions

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

first (crude) microscope using glass shards

designed serveral

Why is archaea and bacteria in seperate domains?

Taxonomy

genetic material and physicla appearance are very different

Example of a protozoan

Entamoeba histolytica

Whats the genus of Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba

Whats the species of Entamoeba histolytica

histolytica

Innoculation

Make culture of a microoganism

Microbes to media

grow and breed microbes in media

Colony

cluster of cells

What type of dye is crystal violet

Basic dye

What type of dye is nigrosin

Acidic dye

Procedure for positive stain

Flood cell with basic dye for one minute

Rinse with DI water and blot dry

Procedure for negative stain

Drop of acidic dye to one end of a microscope slide

Add bacteria to the drop

Create smear with another slide

Air dry

What are the 5 I’s

Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification.

Size of the smallest bacteria

200nm or 1cm

Inoculation

creating a culture by introducing microorganisms into a medium

sterilization require

Incubation

the process of maintaining a culture under specific conditions to promote growth and reproduction of microorganisms

controlled chambers, controls carbon and carbon dioxide

Temperature for incubation

20*C to 45*C

Colonies

Visible masses of piled-up cells

Category of media

Physical state, chemical content, and functional types

Physical states of media

Liquid, semi-solid, and solid

Liquid media

does not solidify, free flowing

ex. broths, milk, brain infusion

Semi-solid media

<1% agar, test tube, no firm surface

Motility of bacteria

Solid media

1-5% Agar, colonies, test tube, and petri dish

Complex media

Contains many ingredients that are not defined in the medium

One component is not chemically definable

Defined media (synthetic)

Know exactly what chemicals are in the medium

Precisely chemically defined

Purpose of media

General-purpose media, enriched media, selective and differential media, and miscellaneous media

To grow microbial life

General-purpose media

Grows a broad spectrum of bacteria as possible

Enriched media

Contains complex substance that grows fastidious bacteria

Has growth factors

Fastidious

Bacteria that need growth factors and complex nutrients

Blood agar

Growth factor

Specific amino acids or vitamins

Selective and differential media

Designed for special microbial groups

Some media can be both

Permit preliminary identification of a genus or even a species of bacteria

Have extensive applications for isolation and identification

Selective media

One species grows on the media

Differential media

Allows multiple types of organisms to grow but shows different reactions (ex. color changes)

Reducing media

Grows anaerobic bacteria, no oxygen

Carbohydrate fermentation media

Contains sugars and pH indicators to show fermentation

Transport media

Maintains and preserves specimens

Assay media

Used to test the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs

Isolation

Separating one species to another

Needs to have a firm media surface

Methods for isolating bacteria in a lab

Streak plate

Loop dilution/ pour plate

Spread plate

Streak plate

Method to separate bacteria to get colonies

Spread plates

Method used to count bacteria on the surface

Loop dilution or Pour plate

Method used to cut bacteria thorugh the agar

Allows the grow of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria

Inspection and Identification

Microbial profiles are determined through combining

Biochemical testing can determine fundamental chemical characteristics

Autoclaving

Used for sterilization

Setting used for bacteria is 121*C and 15 psi

Confocal microscope

UV light

Simple fluorescence microscope

UV light

Super resolution light micropy microscope

UV light