AP Human Geography Unit 6

Edge City

a type of community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers with office space, retail complexes, and other amenities typical of an urban center

Megalopolis

an extensive concentration of urbanized settlement formed by a coalescence of several metropolitan areas

Suburb

Residential communities located outside of city centers

Urban Sprawl

The rapid outward expansion of cities and towns

Boomburb

a suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents

Exurb

a typically fast-growing community outside of or on the edge of a metropolitan area where the residents and community are closely connected to the central city and suburbs

Infill

redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas

Urbinization

the process of the development of dense concentration of people into settlements

Urban area

A city and its surrounding suburbs

Metropolitan area

a city and the surrounding areas that are influenced economically and culturally by the city

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Fall line

the narrow strip of land that marks the geological boundary between an upland region and a plain

What two factors affect the gravity model

size and distance

Spatial Interaction

Trade, traffic flow, visitor amount, and communication

What assumptions are made by the gravity model?

1. Th interaction of people and goods is generally proportional to their populations
2. The two cities have no natural, political, or cultural barriers

Rank-size rule

A relationship between cities population size and their rank in the urban system of a country. If rank-size rule applies the nth largest city with be about 1/n the size of the largest city.

Primate City

A city that far exceeds (in population size and influence) the country’s next-largest city

Origin of primate cities

When Europeans colonized places, they centralized all political and economic activity into one city. Those cities usually then continued to grow after decolonization, creating a primate city

central place

A location where people go to receive goods and services

threshold

the amount of people necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

range

the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods and services

higher-order good/service

A service or god obtained less frequently and receives a larger market area to be profitable

lower-order good/service

A service or good that is obtained on a regular basis and requires a small market area to be profitable

Limitations of the central-place theory

Assumes no physical or political barriers, assumes similar incomes and lifestyles throughout an area, and it ignores other functions of cities

Megacity

A city with a population over 10 million

Metacity

A city with a population over 20 million

world city

A city that wields political, cultural, and economic influences on a global scale

World cities are major centers for ____,____,and____

communications, banking, and finance

CBD

Central Business District - the most accessible part of the city

The bid-rent diagram illustrates that ____costs drop as ________ increases

land; distance

1 = commercial

2 = Industrial

3 = Warehousing

4 = Residential

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

1 = CBD

2 = Light Manufacturing

3 = Working-class residential

4 = Middle-class residential

5 = High-class residential

Limitations of the Concentric Zone Model

Assumes rapid physical and economic growth; Doesn’t account for things like deindustrialization, suburban flight, widespread automobile use, and highway development, less use of public transportation in the 20th century.

Limitations of Hoyt’s sector model

Major focus is residential use and doesn’t account for multiple business centers, invented based off of railroad use

Harris & Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei model limitations

Doesn’t consider the impact of government policies and doesn’t represent cities well (abrupt division between the zones doesn’t really exist)

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Limitations of the galactic city model

Assumes there is enough space to contain the expanding sprawl of suburbs and edge cities and its highly dependent on automobile use

Spine

A high-end commercial sector

Periferico

A radial road that connects the mall with an industrial park or parks

Disamenity zones

high poverty urban areas in disadvantages locations

Squatter settlements

An informal housing area with lots of overcrowding and poverty that features temporary housing.

Limitations of Griffin-Ford’s Latin America city model

Assumes land is flat, Does not take different costs of transportation into account, Does not take uneven distribution of resources into account.

3 CBDs of African city model

Colonial CBD: Created by colonial powers, often has a grid pattern for order and control

Traditional CBD: has curbside commerce and generally one-story retail stores

Market CBD: zone for open-air markets

Informal satellite townships

squatter settlements

De Blij’s African city model limitations

now out of date, doesn’t account for informal, underground economies, doesn’t show middle class areas, locates informal settlements near wealthy areas

Many SE Asian cities grew around _____

ports

Many SE Asian cities lack a clearly defined ___

CBD

Limitations of McGee’s SE Asian city model

Cities have changed since the model was created

European cities are less dominated by __________ than American cities

skyscrapers

In European cities ______ _________ are typically most prominent

public buildings

More ______, many of them _______, live in downtown European cities, resulting in more _________ services in their ___s than America

people; wealthy; consumer; CBD

Suburban areas are ______ ______ and have less _____ in Europe

;;sprawl

Areas with greatest density are found closest to the city’s ___

CBD

Zoning

the process of dividing a city or urban area into zones within which only certain land use practices are permitted

Infrastructure

all services and institutions that help maintain the health safety, economic, and social aspects of a country such as hospitals, schools, or government

Qualitative Research

Based off of descriptions and narratives

Quantitative Research

collects data that can be measured, counted, and put into a numerical context.

Primary Data

Information collected directly from a source

Secondary Data

Information collected from an outside source, not the person doing the study

Nominal data

named or labeled data (such as categories of housing)

Ordinal data

have a number or rank

Interval data

have an order and the difference between the numbers has meaning (such as temperature or year)

Ratio data

contains all aspects of interval data but can have a true zero value (such as a distance or area)

Mixed-Use Development (MUD)

A single planned development designed to include multiple uses

Goal of MUD

To increase residential densities and minimize need to travel outside the development

Transportation-Oriented Development

The creation of dense, walkable, pedestrian oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or located near a transit station

Smart-Growth Policy

A policy where the goal is to create sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible

New Urbanism

A school of thought that promotes designing growth to limit the amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farmland

Goals of new urbanism

policies and design practices that support multiple transit options, the preservation of historic buildings, and respect for the local ecology.

Urban Growth Boundary

a boundary that separates urban land uses from rural land uses by limiting how far a city can expand

Greenbelt

a ring of parkland, agricultural land, or other type of open space maintained around an urban area to limit sprawl

Pros of smart growth

* Can decrease the rate that cities grow outwards
* Reduction of negative environmental impact


* Slows urban sprawl
* Reduces the city’s ecological footprint
* Can enhance quality of life
* more housing options
* results in fewer vacancies, leading to reduced crime

Cons of Smart Growth

* Not affordable for poor or working-class citizens pushing them into suburbs or lower quality housing
* Sense of placelessness or historical character
* Repetitive

Housing Discrimination

the attempt to prevent a person from buying or renting a property because of their race, social class, ethnicity, sexuality, religion, or other characteristic.

Redlining

when a lending institution’s bank refuses to offer home loans on the basis of a neighborhood’s racial or ethnic makeup

Blockbusting

a practice by real estate agents who would stir up concern that Black families would soon move into a neighborhood

Land tenure

the legal rights, as defined by a society, associated with owning land

environmental injustice (sometimes called environmental racism)

the ways in which communities of color and poor people are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens

The goal of gentrification is to _________ downtown areas or inner-city neighborhoods.

improve and rebuild

Advantages of gentrification

increased property values, higher tax values, new businesses and investors, neighborhood improvements, cultural landscape enhancement

Disadvantages of gentrification

displacement of elderly and marginalized groups, low income housing becomes scarcer

Brownfields

abandoned and polluted industrial sites in central cities and suburbs.

Conurbation

A megalopolis or a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities and their suburbs with little or no rural land in between.