Chemistry Exam 1 materials

1-16=Lecture #1, 17-41=Lecture #2, 42-47=lecture #3 48-53=Lecture #4

Mega (M)

1,000,000 (10⁶⁾

Kilo (k)

1,000 (10³)

deci (d)

0.1 (10^-1)

Centi (c)

0.01 (10^-2)

mili (m)

0.001 (10^-3)

micro (μ)

0.000001 (10^-6)

nano (n)

0.000000001 (10^-9)

pico (p)

0.000000000001 (10^-12)

significant

All non zero digits in a measurement are…

Significant

Zeros between nonzero are…

NOT significant

Leading zeros used only to position the decimal point are…

Trailing zeros are significant if…

there is a decimal point

Multiplication/divison rule

answer has the same number of sig figs as the measurement with the fewest sig figs

Addition/subtraction rule

Answer has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places

Precision

refers to how close the measurements in a series are to each other

Accuracy

refers to how close each measurement is to the actual value

Law of mass conservation

the total mass of a substance does not change during a chemical reaction

isotopes

elements of the same type containing different numbers of neutrons thus having different mass #

Atomic number

the number of protons in the atoms nucleus

mass number

Nuetrons+protons

Atomic mass

average mass of a single atom, = mass (amu) x Abundance (%)

groups

vertical columns on the periodic tableep

Period

horizontal row on the periodic table

Cation

a positively charged ion formed when electrons are removed from a neutral atom (metals)

Anion

a negatively charged ion formed when electrons are added to a neutral atom (nonmetals)

Noble gas

When forming, ions reach the same number of elecrons as the atom of the nearest

Most main group ions form..

one monatomic ion

two monatomic ions

most transition elements form

ionic compounds

formed between a metal and nonmetal (held together by electrostatic interactions)

polyatomic ions

Two or more atoms covalently bonded together with an overall charge

ammonium ion

NH4+

Acetate ion

C2H3O2- or CH3COO-

Bromate ion

BrO3-

Carbonate ion

CO3^-2

Chlorate ion

CIO3^-

Cyanide ion

CN^-

Hydroxide ion

OH^-

Nitrate ion

NO3^-

Phosphate ion

PO4³-

Sulfate ion

SO4^-2

Covalent or molecular compounds

formed between nonmetal atoms, shared electrons

metal 1st, nonmetal 2nd

Naming ionic compounds

Molecular mass

mass of one molecule (in amu)

Formula mass

mass of one formula unit (in amu)

Molar mass

mass of one mole of molecules or formula units (g/mol)

Molar mass

mass of one mol (in g), numerically equal to the formula (molecular) mass in amu

The ratio of reactants to products

Stoichiometric coefficents

Subscripts

Give the ratio of the atoms in the molecules

Limiting reactant

used up first in the rxn and determines the amount of product that can form

Theoretical yield

The maximum amount of product that can be formed by the limiting reactant

Actual yield

The amount of product that is actually formed when the rxn is done in the lab

Percent yield=

(actual yield/ theoretical yield) x 100