Studied by 0 peoplematerial culture
the physical, visible objects made and used by members of a cultural group
non-material culture
intangible elements of culture including a wide range of beliefs, values myths, and symbolic meanings passed down generations
cultural trait
a single aspect of given culture or society
local culture
rural, ethnically homogenous culture that is deeply connected to the local land; opposite of popular culture
indigenous culture
a local culture that is no longer the dominant ethnic group within its traditional homeland because of diffusion
popular culture
heterogenous culture that is more influenced by key urban areas and quick to adopt new technology; opposite of local culture
cultural attitudes
concepts and ideas in a society that are shaped by cultural opinions, beliefs, and perspectives
language
a mutually agreed-upon system of symbolic communication
polyglot
a person who is fluent in more that 2 languages
religion
a structured set of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe
ethnic group
a people of common ancestry and cultural tradition; characterized by a strong feeling of group identity
race
historically defined by the physical characteristics of a group
ethnic geography
the study of the spatial aspects of ethnicity
multiculturalism
a set of policies that promote the active participation and inclusion of minority groups in national histories, national politics, and cultural institutions with the goal of embracing differences within society
ethnocentric approach
an approach to understanding other cultures that evaluates them from the perspective of the observers culture
cultural relativism
an approach to understanding other cultures that seeks to understand individuals and cultures from a wider perspective of cultural logic
physical landspace
all the natural physical surroundings that create and shape the places we are living in or examining
placelessness
the feeling resulting from the standardization of the built environment; occurs where local distinctiveness is erased and many places end up with similar cultural landscapes
modernist architecture
a function, rational, and orderly style for building designs
postmodern architecture
a design style that is a reaction against modernist architecture
sequent occupance
refers to the fact that many places have been controlled or affected by a variety of groups over a period of time; those groups have reshaped the functions or meaning of those places and left behind layers of meaning
sacred spaces
natural or human-made sites that possess religious meaning and are recognized as worthy of devotion, loyalty, fear, or esteem
secular
less influenced or controlled religion
subculture
a group of people with distant norms, values, and material practices that differentiate them from the dominant culture surrounding them
sense of place
the distinctive feeling of a place, or a person's perception of place
placemaking
efforts to use and design public place to better serve the needs of residents and to foster a stronger community
centrifugal force
a force that threatens the cohesion of a neighborhood, society, or country
secularization
the process whereby religion become a less dominant force in everyday life than it was in the past
absorbing barriers
barriers that completely halt diffusion
permeable barriers
barriers that slow diffusion but not completely
pidgin
a trade language, characterized by a very small vocabulary derived from the languages of at least 2 or more groups in contact
creole
a combined language that has a fuller vocabulary than pidgin language and becomes a native language
creolization
the linguistic process where languages converge as create new languages and forms of communication
lingua franca
a language of communication and commerce spoken
bilingualism
the ability to speak 2 languages fluently
empire
a sovereign political entity that seek to expand beyond their origin land to control more territory politically and/or politically
imperialism
the motivating impulse to control greater amounts of territory
colonialism
the act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory, which becomes known as a colony
genocide
the systematic killing of members of a racial, ethnic, or linguistic group
time-space convergence
the phenomenon where by the introduction of new transportation technology progressively reduces the time it take to travel between places
endangered language
a language that it not taught to children by their parents and is not used actively in everyday matters
extinct language
a language that has only a few elderly speakers or no living speakers
culture hearth
a focused geographic area where important innovations are born and from they are spread
languages family
a group of related languages that share a common ancestry
dialect
a regional variation of a language that is understood by people who speak other variations of that language
accent
a way of pronouncing words
monotheistic
relating to the belief in only one god
universalizing religion
a religion that actively seeks new members and believes its message has universal importance and application
ethnic religion
a religion identified w/ a particular ethnic/tribal group that does not seek converts
proselytic
describing a religion that spreads its message to others through missionary work
toponyms
the names given to places
generic toponyms
the generic part of a place-name
polytheistic
relating to the belief in many gods
animistic religion
a faith that subscribes to the idea that souls or spirts exist not only in humans, but also in animals, plants, and wildlife
acculturation
occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group adopts enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially
assimilation
occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group blends in with host culture and loses many culturally distinctive traits
transculturation
the notion that people adopt elements of other culture as well as contribute elements of their own culture
syncretism
the blending of beliefs, ideas, practices, and traits (especially religious)
syncretic religion
religion that combines elements of 2 or more different belief systems
orthodox religion
religion that emphasizes purity of faith and is generally not open to blending withs elements of other belief systems
political geography
a branch of human geography concerned with the spatial analysis of political system
political map
a amp that shows the spatial organization of the countries and territories on the entire globe at a given point in time
state or country
an independent political unit with a centralized authority over a region with defined boundaries
independent state
a state that possesses the sole authority over the land and people within the boundaries
nation
a community of people bound to a homeland and possessing a common identity based on shared cultural traits
nation-state
the ideal political geographical unit; one in which the nation's geographic boundaries exactly match states's territorial boundaries
nation-state ideal
the idea that political authorities govern in the name of all country's citizens, modern mass communication links all residents, and state based citizenship rights reinforce the idea of a national identity
escarpments
abrupt slopes that break up the general continuity of the terrain
effective sovereignty
the idea that a state's power to enforce its sovereignty may extend beyond its territory and varies over time from country to country
devolution
the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state
ethnonationalism
a form of nationalism in which the nation is defined in terms off ethnic identity
neocolonialism
the set of economic and political strategies by which wealthy and powerful countries indirectly maintain or extend their influence over less wealthy areas
peripheral states
states that have relatively little industrial development
core states
states that have the most advanced industrial and military technologies
shatterbelt
region of continuing and persistent fragmentation due to devolution and centrifugal forces
choke point
a narrow passage that restricts traffic to another region
strait
a narrow body of water connecting 2 larger bodies
boundary
a clearly demarcated line that marks both the limits of a territory and the divisions between
median line principle
an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the midpoint between 2 places
borderland
a region straddling both sides of an international boundary where national cultures overlap and blend to varying degrees
frontier
a region at the margins or state control and settlement
enclave
a territory surrounded by a country but not ruled by it
exclave
part of a national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs
delimited
describing how boundaries are fixed or defined to identify their limits
demarcated
describing how boundaries are set apart to distinguish their limits
relic boundary
a boundary that no longer functions an international boundary
superimposed boundary
a boundary that is placed on an area without regard to existing boundaries
subsequent boundary
a political boundary that developed with the cultural landscape
antecedent boundary
a boundary that was identified before an area was settled
geometric boundary
a boundary that has regular, often perfectly straight lines drawn without regard for an area's physical or cultural features
consequent boundary
a boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences
demilitarized zone
area where countries have decided to not allow military activity
buffer state
a politically and economically weak independent country that lies between the borders of 2 powers
satellite state
a nominally independent country that is politically, military, and economically controlled by a more powerful state
united nations convention on the law of the sea (UNCLOS)
conference organized to define territorial boundaries and rights to the sea
exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
zone that extends 200 nautical miles from the shoreline in which coastal states have the sole right to exploit, develop, manage, and conserve all water resources lying beyond the land
electoral geography
a subfield of political geography that analyzes the geography of political preferences and how geography can shape voting outcomes
voting district
a territorial division for casting votes in public election
electoral college
a body of 538 electors in the us; majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the president
reappointment
the process by which the 435 seats in the us house of reps. are divided proportionately by population among the 50 states following every us census
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