topic 5 - edward and mary

what did henry’s third succession act state would happen if edward died without heirs to the throne

throne would pass to Mary and her heirs

what was established by henry in order to help run the country whilst Edward grew up

the regency council - was meant to be balanced but was left reformist-dominated

names of previous minor on the throne

Edward V aged 12

issues with a minor on the throne

concerns there would be instability, that Edward wouldn’t be able to lead troops into war and would risk exploitation

who assumed power when Henry died instead of the regency council

Somerset

what caused Somerset to face criticism from opponents and former supporters

using his position to increase personal wealth and power

what contributed to the creation of the anti-somerset faction

the personal style of somerset’s government

what were the ruling elite

members of nobility and gentry who held offices in national and local government, usually landowners who wanted to maintain law and order for own benefit

What ‘successes’ did Somerset implement (3)

removed heresy laws, established an enclosure commission under John Haynes 1549 and sheep tax

What ‘successes’ did Northumberland implement (3)

crushed kett rebellion, more radical protestant church and role in the devise

failures of somerset (6)

1. manipulates regency council to make himself head

2. enclosure commission rates raised hopes of the poor

3. laws against vagrants

4. foreign wars in scotland/france - garrison troops

5. severe economic problems - debasement of the coin

6. issued proclamations from somerset house - acted like a king

what economic problems did Somerset have

debasement of the coin - more coins produced from existing ones

when was the third succession act

1543

failures of northumberland

overturned the vagrants act and sheep tax, gave edward a larger role

who altered the succession for his own gain

Northumberland

what did the alteration of the succession change

the throne was originally supposed to go to Mary, but northumberland arranged for is son guilford dudley to marry Lady Jane Grey, edward changes his will to Lady jane grey

How did somerset lose his power in 1549?

after retreating to hampton court somerset takes edward with him to windsor castle, Edward accuses somerset of imprisoning him and threatening to start riots, somerset was arrested within a week

how did warwick change the council to stabilize his own power in 1549

brought in his own allies and removed opponents so that he had a protestant majority

how did warwick help somerset

declared anyone who attacked somerset, attacked him, he then reconciled with somerset, releasing him from prison

when was somerset executed

jan 1552

when did edward fall ill

early 1553

under henry’s will what was the line of succession

edward, mary, elizabeth

what was lady jane grey’s distant claim to the throne

her grandfather, the duke of suffolk had married mary, henry VIII’s sister

when was the ‘devise for the succession’

may 1553

what was edwards plan for the succession in may 1553

pass the throne to lady jane grey’s unborn heirs - married to northumberland’s son

edwards plan for the succession in june 1553

devise was altered making Jane the heir

what had happened to Mary in june 1553

escaped to east anglia

what did mary do when Edward died

assumed power as the rightful monarch, anyone who opposed against her was opposing the legitimate heir, asked for help from charles V, raising a large force

How did Mary assume queen in london

northumberland left london in order to find mary, privy council reconsidered their views, northumberland retreated to cambridge and proclaimed mary as queen

reasons why mary was considered a weak ruler

1. limited history of female rule

2. some queens had tried to rule as reagent

3. perceptions of women

4. women ‘couldn’t control armies and factions’

5. marriage

first female queen of england

queen matilda, 12th century, known as the anarchy

2 queens who tried to rule as reagent

1. margaret of anju

2. isabelle of france

issue if mary married an englishman

would increase the power of her husbands family who would dominate court

issue if mary married a foreigner

the country would be dominated by foreigners

mary’s first decision

whether to marry philip of spain or edward courtney

what was the issue with mary deciding to marry philip

she would be expected to be subservient, he would be able to drag england into habsburg wars which wouldn’t benefit the nation

who supported edward courtney - earl of devon - in marrying mary

Gardiner

who supported hilip of spain in th marrying mary

paget

exeter conspiracy

1538

consequences of the exeter conspiracy (3)

1. reginald de la pole fled

2. margaret executed - mary’s former governess

3. henry courtney executed

what happened to edward courtney as a result of the exeter conspiracy

put in the tower of london, mary decides not to mary him

when doesmary announce her marriage to philip

october 1553

what did mary’s announcement of marriage to philip cause

the wyatt rebellion

what was the plan for the wyatt rebellion

4 uprisings geographically spread

who did mary execute after the wyatt rebellion

northumberland, lady jane grey and guildford dudley

name of the man holding 1 rebellion

earl grey

only one rebellion was successful, which one was it and who was it led by

thomas wyatt, kent, 4000 men

why was the wyatt rebellion dangerous

so close to london

what does mary do that increases her support

powerful speech at guildhall

when did the wyatt rebellion collapse

1554

why did the wyatt rebellion collapse

the gates of london were shut

first issue with mary’s government (factional struggles)

factional struggles between gardiner and paget, but government still functioned, gardiner died

second issue with mary’s government (marriage)

disagreement between paget and gardiner over mary’s marriage, but philip did not stay in england - mary had made a choice

third issue with mary’s government

size of mary’s council (40) causes extreme protestants to leave, forms a smaller inner council

how many were in mary’s council before the inner council was formed

40

when was the inner council formed

1555

fourth issue with mary’s government (de la pole)

reliance on reginald de la pole - arch bishop of canterbury - fled in 1538

when was reginald de la pole appointed as arch bishop of canterbury

1556

fifth issue with mary’s government (heresy laws)

disagreements over the heresy laws - burnings - many criticised but only mary could make the decision

4 ways edward changed the church

1. book of homolies

2. royal injunctions

3. chantried banned

4. repeal of the six acts

when was the book of homolies written and what was it

july 1547, collection of sermons written by cramner

when were the royal injunctions and what were they

july 1547, introduce protestant ideas - preaching in english, bible in english and removal of images

when and what was the banning of chantries

nov/dec 1547, stopped prayers for the dead

who introduced the original six acts

henry VIII - made england more catholic

what and when were the repeals of the six acts

nov/dec 1547, removed henry VIII’s religious legislation

when was the first book of common prayer produced

1548

what was the first book of common prayer written for

as a script for church services

who wrote the first book of common prayer

cranmer

3 protestant ideas introduced into church services in order to move away from catholicism (edward)(3)

1. english language

2. 5 sacraments

3. communion in both kinds

2 previous catholic practicises in church services abolished by edward in the first book of common prayer

transubstantiation and robes/saints

when and what was the first act of uniformity

1549, enforced the first book of common prayer

what did the first act of uniformity cause

led to western rebellion

when and what was the second book of common prayer

1552, written by edward and cramner - radically protestant

when and what as the second act of uniformity

1552 enforced the second book of common prayer

what did the black rubric instigate

kneeling during mass to maintain order, not idoltatry

when was the black rubric

nov 1552

when were the 42 articles

nov 1552

what did the 42 articles state

faith alone will save you, ideas of predestination, god decides if you will be saved - strongly protestant

3 factors proving that edward was successful in establishing a protestant church

1. remained popular in south east and londo.

2. churchwardens accounts show change eg white washing walls

3. catholicism has been weakened by changed before 1547

how was edward unsuccessful in establishing protestant church regarding the second prayer book and act of uniformity and 42 articles

all bought in within the last few months of edward’s reign, had little time to make an impact

5 reasons why edward was unsuccessful in establishing a protestant church

1. only had 6 years on the throne

2. limited support of protestantism at his ascension and by ordinary people

3. western rebellion - clyst st mary

4. catholicism re-established under mary

5. preamble (lpening) of wills still remain catholic even in southeast and London

mary wants a counter reformation but… (2)

1. many people want english not roman catholicism

2. monastic lands - people were worried after henry VIII sold so much land cheaply after dissolution they would have to give it back

6 things mary introduced to implement the catholic faith

1. first act of repeal

2. second act of repeal

3. royal injunctions

4. heresy act

5. burnings

6. twelve decrees

when was the first act of repeal

1553

whar does the first act of repeal introduce

brings back an english catholic church, england was the same as it was in 1547 - year Henry VIII dies

when was second act of repeal

1554

what was the second act of repeal

brings back roman catholic church and in 1553 the pope

when are the royal injuctions

1554

what are the royal injuctions

removes married clergy and re-ordains priests and ministers

when is the heresy act

1554

what was the heresy act

protestant ideas are heretical, can punished

when are the burnings

1555

3 most famous people that mary burns & dates

1. rodgers 1555

2. latimer and ridley oct 1555

3. cranmer 1556

when are the twelve decrees

feb 1556

what are the 12 things listed under the twelve decrees

1. reforms catholic faith

2. improve clerical discipline

3. removed absenteeism and pluralism (holding more than one parish)

4. abolished simony (bribes)

what brings back papal authority

second act of repeal

who returns in 1554

cardinal pole after being exiled in 1553

cardinal poles return 1554

lost influence over mary - becomes arch bishop of canterbury 1556

what happens when parliament meet in october 1553

refuse to repeal the act of supremacy but passes act of repeal which undoes changes made under edward

what does mary use her royal prerogative to do im parliament oct 1553

suspend the second act of uniformity and retore mass