Anatomy and Bone Histology Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering anatomical planes, basic histology, tissue classification, bone biology, ossification types, and axial skeleton anatomy.

Sagittal Plane

Anatomical plane that divides the body into right (R) and left (L) portions.

Transverse Plane

Horizontal anatomical plane that divides the body into superior (S) and inferior (I) portions.

Frontal Plane

Coronal anatomical plane that divides the body into anterior (A) and posterior (P) portions.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that lines surfaces of organs, composed of closely apposed cells functioning in protection and exchange; derived from surface ectoderm and endoderm.

Muscular Tissue

Tissue composed of excitable cells specialized for contraction; derived from mesoderm.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue specialized in excitation for the rapid transfer of coded information; derived from neuroectoderm.

Connective Tissue

Tissue derived from mesoderm that provides a matrix to support and protect other tissues.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flat cells allowing free exchange; located in serous membranes, alveoli of lungs, endothelium, and Henle's loop.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of cube-shaped cells specialized for controlled exchange; found in nephron tubules and exocrine gland ducts.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of tall cells specialized for controlled exchange; located in the GI tract (other than mouth), superior esophagus, and anus.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Epithelial tissue lining the upper respiratory passages.

Adipocytes

Fat tissue cells.

Chondrocytes

Cartilage cells trapped in lacunae within the extracellular matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells trapped within lacunae of a mineralized matrix.

Osteon

The basic functional unit of compact (cortical) bone, resulting from appositional growth.

Lamellae

Concentric layers of mineralized matrix with helical collagen fibers in compact bone.

Haversian Canals

Canals in compact bone that feed osteocytes through canaliculi.

Wolfe's Law

Principle of structural adaptation to load under which bone is placed, with trabeculae arranged along lines of stress.

Osteogenic Cells

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

Bone-producing cells formed by osteogenic cells that mature into osteocytes.

Osteoclasts

Myeloid-derived bone cells responsible for destroying and resorbing bone.

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone formation occurring within a fibrous membrane without a cartilage model; produces flat bones of the head, part of the clavicle, sternum, mandible, and scapula.

Endochondral Ossification

Bone development starting from a cartilaginous model, featuring a bone collar, periosteal bud inducing spongy bone, and epiphyseal plate.

Anatomy of a Long Bone

Bone structure consisting of proximal and distal epiphyses, a central diaphysis shaft, marrow cavity (red and yellow bone marrow), periosteum, compact bone, and spongy bone.

Stages of Endochondral Ossification

Developmental stages: 1) Bone collar formation around hyaline cartilage model, 2) Cartilage cavitation, 3) Periosteal bud invasion and spongy bone formation, 4) Medullary cavity formation, 5) Ossification of epiphyses.

Lateral View of the Skull

Right lateral skull anatomy showing sutures (coronal, lambdoid, squamous), cranial bones, facial bones, zygomatic process, external acoustic meatus, and mandible.

Internal Base of the Skull

Superior view of the cranial floor showing crista galli, cribriform plate, sella turcica, foramen magnum, and cranial nerve/vascular foramina.

Vertebral Column Anatomy

Lateral view of the spinal column showing cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curvatures, intervertebral disks, and intervertebral foramina.

Coronal Suture

Suture joining the frontal bone and parietal bones.

Lambdoid Suture

Suture joining the parietal bones and occipital bone.

Squamous Suture

Suture joining the parietal bone and temporal bone.

Sagittal Suture

Suture joining the two parietal bones along the midline.

Secondary Curvatures

Cervical and lumbar spinal curvatures that form after birth.

Paranasal Sinuses

Air-filled cavities in the skull including frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid, and mastoid process.

Intervertebral Disks

Structures between vertebrae that absorb shock and engage in water exchange.

True Ribs

Ribs 1 through 7, which feature direct connection with the sternum via costal cartilage.

False Ribs

Ribs 8 through 12, which have indirect connection with the sternum.

Floating Ribs

Ribs 11 and 12, having no cartilaginous connection to the sternum and no articulation with transverse processes.

Atlas (C1)

First cervical vertebra, known as the 'yes' bone; lacks a body and spinous processes, consisting of 2 arches leaving a large vertebral canal and superior articular facets.

Axis (C2)

Second cervical vertebra, known as the 'no' bone; features the dens (odontoid process) representing the body of C1, held by the transverse ligament.