Biomed II Part 1

Anatomical position refers to what?

Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward — the standard reference for describing body directions.

Anterior refers to what part of the body?

The front of the body, including the face and abdomen.

Posterior refers to what part of the body?

The back of the body, including the shoulder blades and heels.

Superior means what?

Closer to the head or higher on the body.

Inferior means what?

Closer to the feet or lower on the body.

Medial means what?

Closer to the midline of the body.

Lateral means what?

Farther from the midline of the body.

Proximal means what?

Closer to the trunk or point of attachment.

Distal means what?

Farther from the trunk or point of attachment.

Superficial means what?

Closer to the surface of the body.

Deep means what?

Farther inside the body.

Dorsal refers to what?

The back or spinal side of the body.

Ventral refers to what?

The front or abdominal side of the body.

What are the four body planes?

Coronal (frontal), sagittal, transverse, and median planes.

What are the four levels of structural organization in the body?

Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems, and systems make up the organism.

What are the four main types of tissue?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Receives, processes, and transmits information using neurons.

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Lines organs and body surfaces, forming protective barriers.

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Contracts to produce movement; includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac types.

What is the function of connective tissue?

Supports, connects, and binds other tissues; examples include bone, cartilage, and adipose.

What are the four shapes of bones?

Long, short, flat, and irregular.

What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Osteoblasts build bone tissue; osteoclasts break down bone tissue.

What are the four stages of bone fracture repair?

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilage callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

What are the three types of fractures?

Transverse (straight across), spiral (twisted break), and comminuted (fragmented).

What does an X-ray show?

A 2D image of dense structures like bones using radiation.

What does an MRI show?

Detailed images of soft tissue without using radiation.

What does an ultrasound show?

Real-time images of soft tissues, tendons, and internal organs using sound waves.

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal (voluntary and striated), smooth (involuntary and non-striated), and cardiac (involuntary and striated).

What does the endomysium surround?

Individual muscle fibers.

What does the perimysium surround?

A fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers).

What does the epimysium surround?

The entire muscle.

What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

Abduction moves a limb away from the midline; adduction moves it toward the midline.

What is the difference between flexion and extension?

Flexion decreases the angle between bones; extension increases it.

What is the difference between rotation and circumduction?

Rotation turns a body part on its axis; circumduction makes a circular motion.

What is the difference between elevation and depression?

Elevation moves a body part upward; depression moves it downward.

What is the difference between plantar flexion and dorsiflexion?

Plantar flexion points the toes downward; dorsiflexion pulls them upward.

What is the origin of a muscle?

The attachment that does not move during contraction.

What is the insertion of a muscle?

The attachment that moves during contraction.

What are fibrous joints?

Fixed joints with no movement, made mainly of collagen.

What are cartilaginous joints?

Joints with limited movement, connected by cartilage.

What are synovial joints?

Freely movable joints surrounded by a capsule filled with synovial fluid.

What are the six types of synovial joints?

Hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, saddle, condyloid, and gliding joints.

What is the purpose of a goniometer?

To measure the range of motion (ROM) of a joint.

What does ROM stand for?

Range of Motion — the amount of movement possible at a joint.

What is valgus motion?

Knees bent inward and toes pointed outward.

What is varus motion?

Knees bent outward.