AP Human Geography: Unit 3: AP review

Culture

the shared beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies of a society

cultural traits

visible and invisible attributes that combine to make up a groups culture (EX: artificats, sociofacts, mentifacts)

artifact

visible, physical, objects created by a culture (EX: houses, clothing, architecture, toys, tools, furntiure)

sociofacts

The ways in which a society behaves and organizes institutions (EX: gender roles, family, school/education, religion, landscape)

mentifacts

the ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture (EX: religious beliefs, language, food preference, taboos)

Folk Culture

traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas; spread through relocation diffusion

popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous societys, the sharing of certain customs, a product of developed regions, spread through global connections; spread through hierchial diffusion

-uniformity (Fast food, gas)
- diffusion in the global market place
-local cultures and globalization

What are some challenges to popular culture?

Local Culture

A group of people in a particular place who view themselves as a community, who share experience, customs, and traits and who preserve these in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves, neolocalism; spread through relocation diffusion

Carl Sauer

Who made the idea of cultural landscape?

Derwind Whittlesey

Who made the idea of sequent occupance?

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

Placelessness

the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

folk-housing regions

predominant style of housing reflects the culture that has inhabitated the region for a long time (relocation diffusin)

hierchical diffusion

spread of cultural traits from higher powerful organizations (MAJORITY)

Contagious Diffusion

rapidly, widely spread, spread from a hearth, contact with people

relocation diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Stimulus Diffusion

a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

Imperialism

the dominance of one country over another country through diplomacy or force

Colonialism

when a powerful country estabilishes settlements in a less powerful country for ecnomic and/or political gain

Neocolonialism

how in more modern times, imperialism can be persued through the assertion of polictical, economic, and cultural influence, rather than occupation

friction of distance

as a cultural trait diffuses, the people who adapt it might alter it

internet and technology, social media and relationships, media, politics, the economy, urbanization

How does popular culture diffuse?

time-space compression

facilitates cultural convergence and the widespread diffusion of popular culture

cultural convergence

the process of two or more cultures coming into contact with each other and adopting each others traits to become more alike

cultural divergence

cultures become less alike due to both cultural and physical barriers. The process of a culture restricting contact with other cultures in an attempt to regain its originality.

global-local continuum

what happens at one scale is not independent of what happens at other scales

Globalization

people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes

race

identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor (SOCIAL CONSTRUCT)

Ethnicity

identity with a group of people who share the same cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth (Place of cultural heritage)

nationality

group who share legal attachments to a country (citizenship)

Racism

a belief that your race is superior to others

residential segregation

the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment

Plessy v. Ferguson

the supreme court states that louisanas law was constituional because it provided seperate, allegedly equal treatments of blacks and whites

seperate but equal

seperate allegedly equal treatment of blacks and whites, and equally didnt mean that the whites had to mix socially with the blacks

Jim crow laws

laws in the south to keep the segregation between the blacks and whites

Brown v. Board of Education

seperate schools for black and white children

Apartheid

legal seperation of races into different geographic areas, most commonly known in South Africa

Nelson Mandela

an anti-apartheid revolutionary who served as the President of South Africa from 1994-1999.

gender gap

Difference in political views between men and women

language

a form of communication through speech and a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning

migration, human-interaction, globalization, print trade, rise of nation-stae, colonialism, conquest theory

How has language diffused?

language divergence

Occurs when speakers of the same language scatter and develop variations of that original language to meet their needs in new surroundings.

language sound shift

when speakers come into contact with other languages, a blending of the two or more languages occur

Language replacement

invaders replace the language of places they can occur

Isogloss

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.

F- family
B-branch
G-group
L-language
D-dialect

What are the branches of language? (**Hint FBGLD)

official language

declared by the leaders of a country to be the language used in legal and governmental proceedings

centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state (EX: language, ethnicity, religion)

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries (EX: multiple ethnicities, multiple languages, multiple religions)

multilingual states

countries in which more than one language is spoken, lingustic minorities (EX: U.S)

monolingual states

countries in which everyone speaks the same language EX) Japan, Uruguay, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, and Lesotho

lingua franca

used to facilitate trade among groups of people who speak different languages, reflect colonialism and imperialism (EX: english)

Creole

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

pidgin language

a mix of simplified grammar and limited vocab of lingua franca with another language

Isolated Language

unrelated to any other language and therefore not attached to any language family

stateless nation

a group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territorially defined, sovereign country of their own (EX: kurds, and mulims in palestine)

multinational state

State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. (EX: russia)

state

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. (EX: egypt)

Religion

a system of belifs and practices that attempts to orer life in terms of culturally percivied ultimate prioties (what followers should do and how to behave)

ethnic religion

religion that doesnt seek converts, related to folk culture

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life; the oldest belief system; ethnic religion

Hinduism

TYPES OF RELIGION
ETHNIC
What: Third largest religion
Where: India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, East Timar
Origin: no single founder, based on vedic poems
Belifs: reincarcnation, caste/varna (a social distinction that relates to your sex, occupation, skin color, birth, and is vital in the idea of reincarcination)
Goals: reach maksha(eternal enlightenment)
Cultural Landscape: ritval bathing, ghats, temples/shrines, cows, cremation site, bindi, ganges river

Buddhism

TYPES OF RELIGION
UNIVERSALIZING
What: a syncretic religion (combines 2 or more faiths into one belief system), often seen as a philosphoy)
Where: Hearth- N. India, few followers in India
Origin: Founder- Siddharthu Gautarna, 4th largest religion
Diffusion: Contagious and Hiercharial(south asia + East asia)
Belifs: reincarciantion, karma and enlightenment, four noble truths, 8 fold path
Branches: theravada, mahayana, lamaism
Cultural Landscape: Funeray stupas, burial sites for buddhist monks
Sacred Site: Bodh Gaya, site where Buddha recorded englightement, Mahabuddhi temple, pillgimirgae site

Four Noble Truths

All life invoves suffering; desire is the cause of suffering; elimination of desire brings an end to suffering; a disciplined life conducted life brings the elimination of desire. BUDDHISM

8 fold path

the path of life followed by Buddhists to reach nirvana (How to be a good person) BUDDHISM

Islam

TYPES OF RELIGION
UNIVERSALIZING
What: 2nd largest religion, fastes growing
Hearth: Mecca, Saudia Arabia
Origin: founder- mohhamed 662CE
Beliefs: 5 pillars, quaran, allah
Branches: Sunni(more LIBERAL in North Africa, Mid East, SE asia 85% of mulsims) and Shiite(more CONSERVATIVE in IRan and Iraq 15% of muslims)
Where: Middle East, Northern Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asoa
Diffusion: early through relocation and hierchial, later through relocation and contagious
Architectiure: mosques, minarets
Sacred Sites: kaaba in Mecca, prophets mosque in medina, dome of the rock

Judaism

TYPES OF RELIGION
ETHNIC
What: one of the oldest religions, smallest followed major religion, source of two largest faiths
Hearth: Eastern Medditeran (Israel)
Where: Israel, U.S, eastern Europe
Diffusion: 70CE diaspora- relocation diffusion
Origin: founder- Abraham
Holy Text: Torah- first 5 books of ol testament and talmud
Architecture: sunaguage or temple
Branches: orthodox, conservative, reform
Main Area:Isreael, jewish state formed in 1948, democracy not theocracy
Sacred Site: temple mount, western wail/wailing wall in Jerusalem
Cultural Landscape: star of david, menorah, clothing

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Christianity

TYPES OF RELIGION
UNIVERSALIZING
What: largest religion, 1/3rd of worlds popualtion
Branches: roman, catholic, eastern orthodox, protestant)
Hearth: israel
Origin: founder- Jesus
Beliefs: salvation and after life
Holy Book: Bible old/new testament
Diffusion: early times- contagious, colonialism(missionaries) hierchaial and relocation
Architecture: cross, cathedrals
Sacred Sites: church of Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
Cultural landscape: use most space to bury dead- graveyards

interfaith conflicts

Conflicts between two different religions (EX: Nigeria, Israel/Palestine, Kashmir, Armenia/Turkey, Sudan/South sudan)

intrafaith conflict

Conflict between people of the same religion. (EX: Former Yugoslavia, Northern Ireland, Syria, Iraq)

sovereign state

exercises power over a territory and people and is recognized by other states.A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent. (EX: The New England Colony that was established by British settlers.)

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

sequent occupance

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape