Global History Regents Review 10th Grade

What the age of absolutism?

- period in Europe when nations were governed by Absolute monarchs
- centralized political power
- divine right
- rulers believed their power was unlimited and they made laws without consent of people

who were some Absolute monarchs? (5)

1. Peter the Great- Absolute monarch of Russia- expanded territory and Westernized Russia
2. Louis XIV- absolute monarch of France- expanded territory
3. Philip II- Absolute monarch of Spain
4. Henry VIII- absolute monarch of England
5. Suleiman the Magnificent- absolute monarch of the Ottoman Empire- expanded territory

what was the Scientific Revolution?

- sudden and dramatic change in how people viewed the world
- science and reason were sued
- people no longer turned to the bible and church for answers

key people of the Scientific Revolution (5)

1. Copernicus- heliocentric theory
2. Galileo- proved Copernicus was right and put on trial by the Catholic Church
3. Isaac Newton- Mathematician and astronomer who developed calculus and theory of gravity
4. Johannes Kepler- helped discover how the planets move
5. Descartes- mathematician, scientist, and philosopher

effects of the Scientific Revolution

- spread of new ideas throughout Europe
- challenged traditional authority
- led to enlightenment

what was Enlightenment and what were its key ideas?

- period in Europe when reason was used to understand and improve society
- society could be improved by using reason and natural law
- governments receive their authority from the people not from god
- democracy

key people of enlightenment (4)

1. John Locke- all people have natural rights. they also have the right to overthrow governments that fail to protect these rights
2. Baron de Montesquieu- he believed that power in government should be divided into three branches to prevent kings from being too strong- separation of power and system of checks and balances
3. Voltaire- everyone is entitled to freedom of speech and religion
4. Rousseau- society is a social contract (all people agree to work for the common good of society)

effects of enlightenment

- political revolutions
- enlightened despots- kings and queens who believed in enlightenment ideas

What is a political revolution?

A political revolution is an event in which the people of a country overthrow an existing government and create a new government

Why did the English Revolution take place, what was it, and how did it end?

- people in England believed that the absolute monarchs of England were unfair and had too much power
- the people of England successfully limited the power of the monarchs
- resulted in a limited/ constitutional monarchy
- to power of the monarch was decreased by written laws

laws that limited the power of the English king (4)

1. The Magna Carta
2. The Petition of Right
3. The English Bill of Rights
4. Habeas Corpus

Why did the French Revolution take place and how did it end?

- third estate peasants were angry that the had very few rights and paid the highest taxes
- people believed their ruler abused their power
- enlightenment ideas
- economic crisis in France
- there was the Declaration of the rights of man, reign of terror (Robespierre and the Jacobins killed people who were loyal to the king)
- resulted in the king being executed
- middle class gained more rights
- Napoleon came into power

Who was Napoleon, what did he do, and how did he fall?

- ruler who came into power at the end of the French Rev
- expanded French territory
- defeated in 1812 because he made the mistake of invading Russia in the winter

why did the Latin American Revolution take place and how did they end?

- colonizers treated the Latin American people poorly
- inspired by enlightenment idea and the American and French revolutions
- ended with the independence of many Latin American nations

key leaders in Latin American revolutions (4)

1. Simon Bolivar
2. Jose de San Martin
3. Miguel Hidalgo
4. Toussaint L'Ouverture
**all these men were considered nationalists

why did attempts to unify these Latin American countries fail?

because of natural boundaries (andes mountains, amazon rainforest..)

What was the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution was the change from producing goods by hand to producing goods with machines in factories.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and why?

The Industrial Revolution started in England because it had many natural resources (i.e.- coal, iron, tin, lead, waterways) that are necessary to produce and transport goods

What were key effects of the Industrial Revolution?

• Industrialization

• Urbanization - growth of cities

• Bad and dangerous working conditions

• Formation of labor unions

• Minimum wage and child labor legislation

what kind of economic system was used during the Industrial revolution?

Laissez Faire Capitalism - government should not intervene

The ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels was the foundation for what type of government?

communism

What did the Communist Manifesto say?

1. History is about class struggle

2. During the Industrial Revolution, the wealthy bourgeoisie took advantage of the poor proletariat to earn money

3. The proletariat should engage in a violent revolution

4. They should create a new society where social class no longer exists and wealth is redistributed

The unification of Italy and Germany in the 1870's shows what?

nationalism

who were the 3 nationalists who played a role in the unification of Italy?

1. Giuseppe Garibaldi
2. Giuseppe Mazzini
3. Count Camilo di Cavour

who was the nationalist who played a role in the unification of Germany?

Otto von Bismarck

what role did nationalism play in Austria Hungary and the Ottoman Empire?

they were both large empires that ruled over many diverse ethnic groups that were nationalistic and wanted independence and to form their own nations. the empires eventually broke up because of these nationalist movements

what role did nationalism play in Ireland?

- they were a colony of Britain
- there was the potato famine
- southern Ireland gained their independence
- northern Ireland remained part of Britain

what was the cause of imperialism in general?

- the need for raw materials and natural resources
- "white mans burden"- encouraged Europeans to civilize the people that they took over by teaching them European customs
- social darwinism- it was natural for strong countries to take over weaker ones

what were the effect of imperialism in India?

- taken over by Great Britain
- Sepoy Mutiny- India tried but failed to gain independence from Great Britain

what were the effects of imperialism in China?

- British smuggled opium into China
- Opium wars
- China was carved into spheres of influence
- Boxer rebellion- China tried but failed to gain independence from the various Western nations that controlled them

what was the Meiji restoration?

- the period when Japan was ruled by emperor Meiji
- during this period Japan rapidly industrialized and westernized

what happened as a result of the Meiji restoration?

- Japan became a powerful and modern industrial country
- they took over Korea and China to gain resources

When did WWI start?

when Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated by Slavic nationalists in the Balkans

What were the causes of World War I?

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

what was the main thing the Treaty of Versailles did?

punished Germany for what happened during WWI

what were some effects of WWI?

- Austria Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were broken up
- Armenian Massacre- Turks of the Ottoman Empire attempted to kill all of the Armenians
- women gained suffrage in Europe

what were the causes of the Russian revolution?

- WWI
- Czar Nicholas II- he abused his power by denying people their rights

who were the Bolsheviks and what did they do?

- radical group leading the revolution
- lead by Vladimir Lenin
- gained the support of the Russian people by promising to take Russia out of WWI, give land to the peasants, and feed everyone

what were the effects of the Russian revolution?

- the Czar was executed
- Lenin and Bolsheviks came to power in Russia
- Russia became communist

who was Kemal Ataturk and what did he do?

- first president of Turkey
- adopted westernization and democracy
- was resented by Muslims because he eliminated Islamic laws and created non religious laws

what is Zionism and what did it hope to achieve?

- the name for the nationalist movement of Jews
- goal was to create an official nation for jews in the Holy Land (Jerusalem)
- Jews and Palestinians were fighting for the same territory

who was Mohandas Ghandi and what did he do?

- nationalist leader of India who fought for independence from Britain
- civil disobedience
- Salt march- protested British taxes on salt by going to sea and making own salt
- boycotting

who were the three totalitarian dictators that came into power after WWI?

- Stalin in the Soviet Union
- Hitler in Germany
- Mussolini in Italy

what were some common characteristics these leaders shared?

- censorship- control of media
- one political party- only the political party of the dictator was allowed to exist (communists for Stalin, fascists for Mussolini and Hitler)
- eliminated opposition
- propoganda

how were Hitler and Mussolini able to come into power?

- severe economic problems
- unemployment
- inflation
- people believed Hitler and Mussolini could solve their problems

what were some characteristics of totalitarianism under stalin?

- he instituted a command economy
- five year plan to modernize Russia
- collectivization- took over individual farms and created collective farms

What did Japan do to contribute to the start of WWII?

- took over Korea, Manchuria, and Southeast Asia
- Rape of Nanking- Japanese raped and killed Chinese civilians

what did Italy do to contribute to the start of WWII?

- invaded and took over Ethiopia

what did Germany do to contribute to the start of WWII?

- violated many parts of the treaty of versailles

• Built up military and drafted soldiers

• Placed soldiers in the demilitarized Rhineland near France

• Took over Austria and Czechoslovakia

what is appeasement and how did this play a role in the start of WWII?

- when an aggressive nation is given what they want by other nations in order avoid war
- the League of Nations appeased Germany which caused Hitler to see how much he could take without them doing anything

What were the key events of World War II?

• Invasion of Poland: started the war

• Pearl Harbor: brought US into the war

• Battle of Stalingrad: Germany failed to defeat Russia because of its harsh weather and large size, turned the tide of the war

• D-Day: Liberation of France, led to Germany’s eventual defeat

• Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Two atomic bombs dropped on Japan, they surrendered shortly after

• Holocaust: The genocide of 6 million Jews and 6 million non-Jews

what were the effects of WWII?

- United Nations being formed
- Nuremberg Trials- demonstrated that individuals in government could be held accountable for their actions (Holocaust)

Key events/ characteristics of the Cold War

- communist satellites
- "Iron Curtain"
- containment
- Turman doctrine
- Marshall Plan
- Berlin wall/ airlift
- NATO
- Warsaw Pact
- Hungarian Revolution
- Arms race
- Cuban missile crisis
- Korean and Vietnam War

what is the E.U. and what does it do?

- European Union
- they have decreased tariffs and now use a single form of currency

what is N.A.F.T.A.?

- North American Free Trade Agreement
- decrease tariffs
- increased trade between the 3 main countries of North America

how are these 2 organizations similar?

they are both examples of cooperation and interdependence (countries working together and relying on each other)

what did O.P.E.C. do?

- organization that was created by the main oil producing countries of the world
- together, they determined the price of oil as well as production levels

what is the main reason why the middle east has developed wealth and influence?

oil

who was Mao Zedong and how did he achieve communism in China?

- first communist dictator of China
- gained the support of the peasants by promising to provide them when land

What was the Great leap forward?

- attempt by Mao to modernize China
- peasants were forced to move onto large government farms
** similar to the five year plan and collectivization by Stalin

What was the cultural revolution?

- Mao used violent young communist soldiers to eliminate all opposition

Who was Deng Xiaoping and what did he do?

- ruler in China after Mao
- changed the economy to a capitalist/ free enterprise economy

What happened in Tiananmen Square and why?

- Chinese people peacefully demanded democratic reforms
- Deng sent in the army to repress the protestors and many were killed and arrested
- proved that China's government was not willing to make democratic changes

What are current issues China is facing?

• Controls Buddhist region of Tibet, Tibetan nationalism

• Denial of human rights (i.e. free speech or voting)

• Allows each family only one child due to overpopulation

Who was the main person who supported decolonization in India and what happened as a result?

- Mohandas Ghandi
- India gained independence from Britain
- became India (hindus) and Pakistan (muslims)
- India established a democratic government
- nonalignment

who were two of the leaders in Africa who fought to gain independence from Britain?

1. Jomo Kenyatta- Kenya
2. Kwame Nkrumah- Ghana

what was it like in South Africa after independence was gained?

- apartheid- system of racial segregation used in South Africa in which black South Africans were segregated against

Who was Nelson Mandela and what did he do?

- fought apartheid
- imprisoned by white south African government
- became first black president of South Africa after apartheid ended

What happened in Rwanda after independence?

- ethnic conflict between Hutus and Tutsis
- Hutus slaughtered many Tutsis- genocide

who gained independence for Vietnam and what was it like after it got ints independence?

- Ho Chi Minh
- divided into communist North Vietnam and democratic South Vietnam
- after the Vietnam war, all of Vietnam because communist

What happened to Cambodia after it got its independence?

- ruled by a communist group called the Khmer Rogue- lead by Pol Pot
- he was a brutal dictator
- genocide

how was Israel created and what are some conflicts?

- after WWII part of the Holy Land was used to create Israel for the Jewish
- Palestinians (Arab Muslims) claim they should have control over the region
- many wars fought (4)
- Palestinians still fighting (terrorism)

what is Islamic Fundamentalism?

- belief that governments should create societies based on the rules of Islam
- Taliban
- women have very few rights
- Ayatollah Khomeini

who brought an end to communism in Russia and what changes did he make?

- Gorbachev
- Perestroika- economic changes
- Glasnost- freedom of speech

who was Boris Yeltsin?

- first democratically elected president in Russia

what kind of government was instituted in Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall?

democracy

what are some events that are examples of Human rights violation?

- Armenian massacre- Turks in Ottoman Empire killed Armenians during WWI
- Ukrainian Famine- Stalin took food away from Ukrainians and let them starve
- Holocaust
- Rwanda
- Cambodia- Pol Pot genocide

- Yugoslavia - killing of non-Serbs under Milosević

What are the three main economic systems?

1. Traditional economy

   • Bartering and subsistence agriculture

   • Hereditary jobs, tradition

2. Market economy

   • Laissez-faire

   • Individuals determine own businesses and determine prices based on supply and demand

3. Command economy

   • The government owns businesses and determines prices

   • Communist countries use this system

What are current ethnic conflicts?

• Israel-Palestine conflict over the Holy Land

• Tibetan nationalism against China

• Northern Ireland (Catholics vs. Protestants)

• Kashmir (Pakistan vs. India)

• Balkans (Serbs vs. Croats vs. Muslims)

• Kurdish nationalism against Turkey, Iraq, and Iran

• Chechen nationalism against Russia, employing terrorism

What are some environmental problems?

• Ozone layer: being destroyed by pollution

• Acid rain

• Deforestation

• Desertification

• Chernobyl: 1986 nuclear disaster in Soviet Union

• Greenhouse effect: trapping warm air causing global warming, caused by chemicals like CO2

• Kyoto Protocol: 1997 agreement to lower greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels

What is the Green Revolution?

• Use of technology to increase food supply in 1960s

• Helped reduce hunger in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and especially India

What is nuclear proliferation?

• It’s the spread of nuclear weapons to countries that don’t already have them

• North Korea recently developed them and Iran is in the process of developing them