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lateen sail
triangle sail, innovations in maritime technologies
stimulated exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa to East Asia
dhow ships
type of ship, innovation in maritime technologies
built using advanced knowledge of monsoon winds
astrolab
Determines position by observing the location of stars and planets
caravels
Slender, long hulled vessels (Portuguese built the first) – sailed against the wind
ming “treasure fleet”
(during the age of exploration) explorations that assisted european knowledge, facilitated interhemispheric communication and exchange
triangular trade
A pattern of trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the American Continents
Manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa, where they were exchanged for slaves, who were sent to the Americas
indies piece
the ideal slave
encomienda
Native Americans were allowed to be used as laborers: natives worked sugar plantations, gold, and silver mines
Natives died from smallpox, and measles
Converted natives to Catholicism
Built churches, schools, hospitals
treaty of tordesillas
Created by the Pope between Portugal and Spain
Created a line of Demarcation
Split the world through the Atlantic Ocean and South America between Portugal and Spain
prince henry the navigator
(1420) – began exploring the African Coastline
bartolomeu dias
(1488) – sailed around the Cape of Good Hope
vasco de gama
(1497) – sailed around Africa to India, returned with spices
great zimbabwe
an example of groups that the Dutch colonizers came into contact with
john cabot
found New England
samuel de champlain
from France, founded Quebec, Canada in 1608
queen isabella
financed Columbus’s voyage
hernando cortes
overthrow the Aztec Empire in Mexico (he was a conquistador)
francisco pizarro
took over Incan Empire in Peru (also a conquistador)
the columbian exchange
refers to the global diffusion of crops, plants, human beings, animals, and disease that took place after the European voyages of discovery in the 14 and 1500s.
smallpox, influenza, typhus, diphtheria
a result of the Columbian Exchange, as the death rate of Native Americans increased due to the spread of these.
potatoes, maize, manioc
american foods that became staple crops in various parts of Europe.
maize: was a type of corn that produced an annual harvest
manioc: sub-saharan Africa staple food that was a supplement to banas and yams
horses, pigs, cattle
domesticated animals
okra
syncretic food that slaves often carried (this contributed to diversity in the New World)
syncretic food (gumbo)
green pea pod food (a form of okra)
food brought by african slaves
rice
foods brought by african slaves
grand canal
the Wanli emperor spent massive amounts of money on restoration of the _____
great wall
the Wanli emperor spent massive amounts of money on resotraion of the Grand Canal, along with the ______
forbidden city
in Beijing, hundreds of thousands of workers constructed this city
woodblock printing
printing and literacy increased with cheap, popular books created with this
the dynastic cycle
the shift of rulers in a span of time (shifted to the Qing Dynasty after the Ming)
haiku poetry, kabuki theater
new art forms in Japan
edo period
Japan built her first ocean-going Western-style warships, consisted of lots of trade
red seal ships
ocean-going Western style warships built by Japan
wanii emperor
His rule of forty-eight years was the longest in the Ming dynasty
Witnessed the steady decline of the dynasty.
zheng he
(1405-1433) a period of seven voyages (63 ships, 28,500 men)
zhu gaozhi
emperor who ancelled future trips and ordered shipbuilders and sailors to stop work.
In time the Ming Tribute Fleet disbanded, maps were destroyed, and all the legacy of Zheng He’s voyages were lost.
nurhaci
a Manchurian rises to prominence (fall of the Ming Dynasty)
qing dynasty
dynasty cycle shifts to this dynasty after the Ming.
tokugawa shogunate
Known as the beginning of early modern Japan.
Shogunate system helped to stabilize power and alliance systems.
Centralization and Stability
250 years of stability to Japan; Four-class system laid down with marriage restricted to members of the same class.
Japan closed off to all trade [except to the Dutch and Chinese].
Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity was forbidden.
entrepreneurs
(business owners) risked their money
joint stock companies
were formed to raise the money
Privately owned companies sold stock to investors hoping to make a profit
mercantilism
Export more than you import [a trade surplus]; High tariffs
Low tariffs on imported raw materials.
Each nation must try to achieve economic self-sufficiency.
bullionism
he economic health of a nation could be measured by the amount of precious metal [gold or silver] which it possessed.
basis for Mercantilism
markets
provided by colonies for manufactured goods & sources of raw materials.
the african diaspora
Slave communities in the Americas socially divided in similar way to how they had in Africa.
the middle passage
extremely traumatic for the slaves who had to travel it
candomble and vodun
the African religion that survived in Brazil and Haiti
syncretic religion
a mix of religions which then created new forms of religion
the cults of saints
Medieval idea – used in the New World to convert natives – linked with native gods
sikhism
Founded by the guru Nanak – mixing Islam and Hinduism (located in South Asia)
the battle of lepanto
(1571) ended Ottoman naval dominance, and after the Portuguese rounded the southern tip of Africa they could bypass Ottoman control of the Spice trade.
assante and osei tutu
tribal leaders who unified African tribes using European firearms traded for slaves
guru Nanak
founded Sikhism in South Asia
sultan sunni ali
captured Timbuktu and Established the Songhai Kingdom which became Africa’s largest trading area
songhai
Extended trade to Europe and Asia for the first time & Established a system of taxation and communications to help govern
Fell after 100 years to the Moroccans, who used gunpowder against the Songhai’s spears and arrows
mehmet II
The Ottomans became the masters of the Muslim world after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453
janissaries
made up of conquered peoples made up the military core of the empire (bureaucracy)
viziers
Initially Sultans ruled directly but later they ruled through political advisors called _____
suleymaniye mosque
represented the height of Ottoman culture in the 1600s, was improved upon by Mehmet
suleiman the magnificent
Ruled the empire from Istanbul; expanded empire to greatest height (1500s)
Christians and Jews tolerated – given limited self government