unit four: box note 1-24

lateen sail

triangle sail, innovations in maritime technologies

• stimulated exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa to East Asia

dhow ships

type of ship, innovation in maritime technologies

• built using advanced knowledge of monsoon winds

astrolab

Determines position by observing the location of stars and planets

caravels

Slender, long hulled vessels (Portuguese built the first) – sailed against the wind

ming “treasure fleet”

(during the age of exploration) explorations that assisted european knowledge, facilitated interhemispheric communication and exchange

triangular trade

A pattern of trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the American Continents

• Manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa, where they were exchanged for slaves, who were sent to the Americas

indies piece

the ideal slave

encomienda

Native Americans were allowed to be used as laborers: natives worked sugar plantations, gold, and silver mines

• Natives died from smallpox, and measles

• Converted natives to Catholicism

  • Built churches, schools, hospitals

treaty of tordesillas

Created by the Pope between Portugal and Spain

• Created a line of Demarcation

• Split the world through the Atlantic Ocean and South America between Portugal and Spain

prince henry the navigator

(1420) – began exploring the African Coastline

bartolomeu dias

(1488) – sailed around the Cape of Good Hope

vasco de gama

(1497) – sailed around Africa to India, returned with spices

great zimbabwe

an example of groups that the Dutch colonizers came into contact with

john cabot

found New England

samuel de champlain

from France, founded Quebec, Canada in 1608

queen isabella

financed Columbus’s voyage

hernando cortes

overthrow the Aztec Empire in Mexico (he was a conquistador)

francisco pizarro

took over Incan Empire in Peru (also a conquistador)

the columbian exchange

refers to the global diffusion of crops, plants, human beings, animals, and disease that took place after the European voyages of discovery in the 14 and 1500s.

smallpox, influenza, typhus, diphtheria

a result of the Columbian Exchange, as the death rate of Native Americans increased due to the spread of these.

potatoes, maize, manioc

american foods that became staple crops in various parts of Europe.

• maize: was a type of corn that produced an annual harvest

• manioc: sub-saharan Africa staple food that was a supplement to banas and yams

horses, pigs, cattle

domesticated animals

okra

syncretic food that slaves often carried (this contributed to diversity in the New World)

syncretic food (gumbo)

green pea pod food (a form of okra)

• food brought by african slaves

rice

foods brought by african slaves

grand canal

the Wanli emperor spent massive amounts of money on restoration of the _____

great wall

the Wanli emperor spent massive amounts of money on resotraion of the Grand Canal, along with the ______

forbidden city

in Beijing, hundreds of thousands of workers constructed this city

woodblock printing

printing and literacy increased with cheap, popular books created with this

the dynastic cycle

the shift of rulers in a span of time (shifted to the Qing Dynasty after the Ming)

haiku poetry, kabuki theater

new art forms in Japan

edo period

Japan built her first ocean-going Western-style warships, consisted of lots of trade

red seal ships

ocean-going Western style warships built by Japan

wanii emperor

His rule of forty-eight years was the longest in the Ming dynasty

• Witnessed the steady decline of the dynasty.

zheng he

(1405-1433) a period of seven voyages (63 ships, 28,500 men)

zhu gaozhi

emperor who ancelled future trips and ordered shipbuilders and sailors to stop work.

• In time the Ming Tribute Fleet disbanded, maps were destroyed, and all the legacy of Zheng He’s voyages were lost.

nurhaci

a Manchurian rises to prominence (fall of the Ming Dynasty)

qing dynasty

dynasty cycle shifts to this dynasty after the Ming.

tokugawa shogunate

Known as the beginning of early modern Japan.

• Shogunate system helped to stabilize power and alliance systems.

• Centralization and Stability

• 250 years of stability to Japan; Four-class system laid down with marriage restricted to members of the same class.

• Japan closed off to all trade [except to the Dutch and Chinese].

• Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity was forbidden.

entrepreneurs

(business owners) risked their money

joint stock companies

were formed to raise the money

• Privately owned companies sold stock to investors hoping to make a profit

mercantilism

• Export more than you import [a trade surplus]; High tariffs

• Low tariffs on imported raw materials.

• Each nation must try to achieve economic self-sufficiency.

bullionism

he economic health of a nation could be measured by the amount of precious metal [gold or silver] which it possessed.

• basis for Mercantilism

markets

provided by colonies for manufactured goods & sources of raw materials.

the african diaspora

Slave communities in the Americas socially divided in similar way to how they had in Africa.

the middle passage

extremely traumatic for the slaves who had to travel it

candomble and vodun

the African religion that survived in Brazil and Haiti

syncretic religion

a mix of religions which then created new forms of religion

the cults of saints

Medieval idea – used in the New World to convert natives – linked with native gods

sikhism

Founded by the guru Nanak – mixing Islam and Hinduism (located in South Asia)

the battle of lepanto

(1571) ended Ottoman naval dominance, and after the Portuguese rounded the southern tip of Africa they could bypass Ottoman control of the Spice trade.

assante and osei tutu

tribal leaders who unified African tribes using European firearms traded for slaves

guru Nanak

founded Sikhism in South Asia

sultan sunni ali

captured Timbuktu and Established the Songhai Kingdom which became Africa’s largest trading area

songhai

Extended trade to Europe and Asia for the first time & Established a system of taxation and communications to help govern

• Fell after 100 years to the Moroccans, who used gunpowder against the Songhai’s spears and arrows

mehmet II

The Ottomans became the masters of the Muslim world after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453

janissaries

made up of conquered peoples made up the military core of the empire (bureaucracy)

viziers

Initially Sultans ruled directly but later they ruled through political advisors called _____

suleymaniye mosque

represented the height of Ottoman culture in the 1600s, was improved upon by Mehmet

suleiman the magnificent

Ruled the empire from Istanbul; expanded empire to greatest height (1500s)

• Christians and Jews tolerated – given limited self government