ap biology unit 3🧘‍♀️🧘‍♀️🧘‍♀️

Enzymes are __________ that act as __________ __________ by lowering the __________ __________ needed for chemical reactions to occur.

proteins, biological catalysts, activation energy

The molecule an enzyme acts on is called the __________, and it binds to the enzyme at the __________ __________.

substrate, active site

Enzymes work best at specific __________, __________, and __________ concentration. If conditions are too extreme, the enzyme may __________ and lose its __________.

pH, temperature, substrate, denature, shape

__________ inhibitors compete for the active site, while __________ inhibitors bind elsewhere and change the enzyme’s __________.

Competitive, noncompetitive, shape

Photosynthesis occurs in the __________ of plants and algae and converts __________ energy into __________ energy in the form of __________.

chloroplasts, light, chemical, glucose

In the light-dependent reactions, __________ absorbs light energy and energizes electrons in __________ and __________. __________ is split to release __________, and __________ and __________ are produced.

chlorophyll, Photosystem II, Photosystem I, Water, O₂, ATP, NADPH

The __________ __________ takes place in the __________ of the chloroplast. It uses __________, __________, and __________ to build glucose.

Calvin Cycle, stroma, ATP, NADPH, CO₂

Cellular respiration occurs primarily in the __________ and its goal is to convert __________ into __________.

mitochondria, glucose, ATP

__________ occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks one glucose molecule into __________ __________, producing __________ __________.

Glycolysis, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP

The __________ __________ happens in the __________ and breaks down pyruvate, releasing __________ and producing __________ and __________.

Krebs Cycle, mitochondrial matrix, CO₂, NADH, FADH₂

In the ETC, electron carriers pump protons to create a gradient. Protons flow through __________ __________ to make ATP. __________ is the final electron acceptor and forms __________.

ATP synthase, Oxygen, water

In the absence of oxygen, cells use __________, which produces __________ ATP and results in __________ __________ (animals) or __________ (yeast).

fermentation, 2, lactic acid, alcohol

Organisms always need __________ to survive, and __________ is the universal __________ __________ used to power life processes.

energy, ATP, energy currency