ap psych 2.2 and 2.8

concepts

mental groupings of similar ideas.

prototypes

best example representing a category.

Algorithms

step-by-step problem solving procedures.

heuristics

quick, efficient problem solving shortcuts.

representative heuristic

udging likelihood by similarity.

availability heuristic

judging likelihood using recent memorie

mental set

using the same strategy every time, even when it doesn’t help.

priming

something you saw earlier affects your next thought.

gamblar's fallacy

false belief that u can predict a chance event based on past chance events.

sunk cost fallacy

continuing because already invested.

Framing

wording changes how choices feel.

Executive function

skills that help you plan.

Creativity

making new and useful ideas.

Divergent thinking

• coming up with many ideas.

Convergent thinking

narrowing choices to one answer.

Functional fixedness

only seeing one use for something.

General intelligence

overall mental ability score.

Multiple abilities

intelligence made of several skills.

Mental age

thinking level compared to kids.

Chronological age

your actual age number.

Psychometrics

study of measuring abilities.

Standardized

Same test given to everyone

Valid

measures what it should measure.

Predictive validity

test predicts future performance.

Construct validity

test measures correct idea.

Reliability

test gives repeatable results

Test–retest reliability

same score over time.

Achievement tests

measure what you already learned.

Aptitude tests

measure learning potential ability.

Fixed mindset

thinking ability cannot grow.

Growth mindset

thinking ability can improve.