Exam 3

Chapter 4

Cephalocaudal pattern

developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top (head)

• growth gradually work their way down from top to bottom evan motor development

What is exempt from the Cephalocaudal pattern

infancy typically reach foe toydswith their feet before their habds

Proximodistal pattern

growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

• ex: infants control their truck/arms before hands/fingers

Average american newborn

• 20in long

• 7.6 lbs

Average newborn

• 18-22 in

• 5-10 lbs

milestone growth pattern 1

wekks 2-5 hight and weight

How fast to babies grow in the first year

1 in per month

• 4 months - double weight

• 1 year -t riple weight

by age 2..

• 32-35 in (nearly half of their adult height)

• weigh about 26-32 lbs

Growth is…

not smooth and continuous but rather episodic, occuring in spurts

The brain for infants..

are still developing rapidly

Shaken baby syndrome

brain swelling and hemorrhaging and affects hundreds of babies in the usa each year

• mostly by fathers, caregivers, boyfriends

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

measure of the brains electrical activity to learn about brain development in infant

• by attaching up to 128 electrodes to babys scalp

Near- Infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

use very low levels of near - infrared light to monitor changes in blood O as idicators of infants brain activity related to face processing, perception ,attention and memory

Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

maps brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced vy electrical currents- assess perceptual, motor, and cognitive activities (vision, hearing)

Charles melson Healthy brain and child development (HBCD)

study that involves ecamining brain fuc intoddlers w autism

Martha ann bell - brain

studying brain behavior links (fear temperament, task switching

milestone growth pattern 2

brain development 8-24 weeks

brain areas do not what?

mature uniformly

• newborn born w 25% adult weight

• 2 years 75%

Mapping the brain

the way of categorizing and analyzing areas of the brain

• 2 hemispheres, 4 lobes

The forebrain

portion farthest from the spinal cord (includes cerebral cortex- wrinkled cap)

Frontal lobe

involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality and intentionality or purpoe

Temporal lobe

active role in hearing, language processing and memory

parietal lobe

plays important roles in registering spatial loco attention and motor control

Occipital lobe

function in vision

Lateralization

specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex: both are needed for complex functions

• Left: speech and grammar (logical thinkers)

• Right: humor/ metaphors (creative thinkers)

What is shown in a greater in newborns for the brain

electrial brain activity in the left hem. is greater than right

Myelination ( first years of life)

the process if encasing axons w fat cells being prenatally and continus into adolescence and emerging adulthood

• speeds up neural transmissions

how does the connection of neurons change (first years of life)

increases, creating new neural pathways

Pruned connections

unused connections are repleaced of disapper

Blooming connections

connections that become stronger

Children in a deprived environment

• may have depressed brain activity (romainan orphange)

• other may be reversible: the brain demonstrates borth flexibility and resilience (removal of left hem)

what does an infact’s brain depend on

experiences to determine how connections are made

neuroconstructivist view

• Biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brains development

• brain has plasticity and is context dependent

• childs cognitive development is closely linked to development of the brain

how does sleep help us

restores, replenishes, and rebuilds our brains/bodies

• allows for increase production and reduced breakdown of proteins and clearing out waste in neural tissues

Sleep is critical for brain..

plasticity

• increases synaptic connections between neurons

Sleep deprivation

has a neg. impact on memory, attention, reasoning, and decision making

newborns sleep

on average 18 hr day

• range 10-21hr

0-3 months sleep

14-17 hr

4-12 months sleep

12-16 hr

1-2 years sleep

11-14 hr

Sleep problems in babies

• affects 12-25% of infants

• nighttime waking

• factors: maternal depression, early solid food, screen times, child-care attendance

REM sleep

• eyes flutter beneath closed lids

• where most dreaming happens

amount of time in REM Sleep

• half of an infant sleep is in REM, ¼ in adults

• 3 months decrease 40%

why do infants spend spent so much time in REM sleep

• may provide added self stimulation and might promote the brain development in infancy

Shared arrangements for newborms

• vary from different cultures

• Guatemala/china: sharing a bed w mother

• USA/UK: sleep in crib (separate or shared room as mother)

Shared sleeping

• controversial issue

• Increased SIDS (especially when parents smoke)

• found that it better for them to have their own room 6-12 months old

when to avoid infant -parent bed sharing

younger than 6 months

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night and die suddenly w/o apparent cause

• leading cause of death: 2,000 per year

• highest at 2-4 months

SIDS is likely in infants

• abnormal brain stem func

• heart arrhythmia

• sleep apnea and low birth weight

• do not used pacifier when sleep

• sibling has died of SIDS

• lower socioeconomic group

• pssively exposed to cigarette smoke/drugs

• soft bedding/ sharing bed

• bottle fed

SIDS is less likely in infants

• breast fed

• bedroom has a fan

• sleep on back

Who is more likely to have SIDS deaths

African American and eskimo 4-6 x more likely

Sleep and cognitive development

positively linked to cognitive development

• because of sleeps role in brain maturation and memory consolidation

• better memory, language, executive func

Low quality of sleep is linked to

distractibility and behavioral problems

Milestone 3

eating habits 4-18 months

how much should infants consume

about 50 calories per day for each pound they weight

as motor skills improve infants eating changes

• from suck and swallow to chew and swallow movements

• they eat semisolid and then complex foods

a varied diet is important

• intro fruits and veggies early

• most common “veggies” fed to 15 month is french fries

Breast s bottle feeding

breast feeding is better of baby health

Outcomes for child (breast)

• fewer GI infections

• fewer respiratory tract infections

• fewer ear throat and sinus infections

• reduced infant hospitalizations

breast fed is likely to

• become overwight

• develop type 1 diabets childhood type 2 adulthood

• die from SIDS

breast feeding is not linked to.. for child

• reduced risk of allergies

• ashma

• psychological development

Maternal benefits from breast feeding

• lower incidence of breast/ ovarian cancer

• reduced rate of type 2 diabetes

• lower rates of hospitalization

breast feeding is not linked to.. for maternal

• prepegro weight

• osteoporosis

• postpartum depression

The mother should not breast feed

• infected w HIV or other infection disease

• active TB

• taking any drugs

Malnutrition in infancy

• infant malnutr, chronic malnutr, and protein def. are a worldwide problem

severe and lengthy malnutr can cause..

it is detrimental to physical cognitive and scoial development

• ADHD peresist to middle age

• may need psychosocial intervention for cognitive development

Dynamic system theory

perspective on motr development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting

motor skills are developed

• maturation and development of nervous system

• bodies physical properties and potential for movement

• childs motivation to reach goal, create new motor behavior

• environmental support for the skill

Four key aspects of dynamic systems

• emboided

• embedded

• enculturated

• enabling

Motor development is embodied

involves the status of and changes in the childs body (ex walking, will walk faster as steps are more consistent)

Motor development is embedded

environmental circumstances (environmental circumstances can facilitate or restrict possibilities for motor behavior)

Motor development is enculturated

influenced by social and cultural context (caregiver having open arms while trying to learn to walk)

Motor development is enabling

providng infants/children w increasing independence in exploring and learning about the world

reflexes

bulit in reaction to stimuli that govern the newborn's movement

• automatic and beyond the newborns control

Rooting reflex

occurs when the infant cheek is stroked, or the side of the mouth is touched

• infant turns head to find something to suck

Sucking reflex

occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth

• nipple and food for nourishment, smoothing mech

Mono reflex

a neonatal startle response that occurs in rxn to a sudden, intense noise or movment

• infant throws head back, flings arms.legs, arches back

• believed to be a way of grabbing for support

grasping reflex

Occurs when something touches the infant's palms

• responses by grasping tightly

Newer perspective o infant reflexes

they are not completely automatic or completely beyond the infants control

Gross motor skills

Involve large muscle activities, walking

• skills require postural control/development

posture

a dynamic process linked w/ sensory info in the skin,joint, muscles, which tell us where we are in space

• not just how it changes but also what enables it

Learning to walk

babies can stand by 10-12 months

• alternate leg movements and blance on one lg w/o falling

• learn to use safe places/surfaces to walk and avoid unsafe places

• use perceptual motor coupling

• practice new motor skill

Developmental milestones in the first year

grasping, rolling sitting, crawling, standing and walking

• timing of milestones varies by 2-4 months

Thing that improve development milestones in the first year

• larger size at birth → reach milestone earlier

• caregiver participation enhances all new skill development ( stretching/ engaging muscle early)

Development in the second year: 13-18 months

toddlers become more skilled and mobile

• can pull a toy and climb steps

Development in the second year: 18-24 months

• walk quickly and run short distances

• balance on their feet while squatting

• walk backward and stand kick a ball

• stand and throw ball

• jump

Fine motor skills

involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexerity

Palmer grasps

grasping w the whole hand

Pincer grip

grasping small objects w thumb and forefinger

perceptual motor coupling

necessary for the infant to coordinate graspings

sensation

the product of the interaction between info and the sensory receptors (eyes ears tongue nostrils and skin)

perception

the interpretation of what is sensed ( put hands up to catch soomething)

ecological view

perception brings us into contact w the environment so we can interact w and adapt to it

Affordances

the opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform func. activites

• we sense info from the environment and get feedback from our bodies about how to interact w the world

Visual acuity - newborns

• at birth nerves and muscles and lens of the eyes are still developing

• newborns cant see far away

• 20/240

What do newborns like to look at

• faces are the most visual stimuli

• prefer to look at faces and prefer to look at attractive faces

Visual acuity - 3 months

• match voices to faces

• distinguish between male and female face

• discriminate between faces of their own ethnic group and others

Visual acuity - 6 months of age,

• vision 20/40

perceptual narrowing

infants are more likely to distinguish between faces to which they have been exposed - experience plays an important role in face processing

Visual preference method

a method used to detemine whether infant can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to diff. stimuli