Su: Virus Background

lecture 1 anti-hiv agents, just the intro material

are viruses made of cells?

hell no

viruses depend on the host for…

multiplication and survival

drugs are not commonly used to treat viruses due to…

simplicity of their structure

limited targets for drugs

delay required for infection to establish

immune response

T/F: viruses contain both RNA and DNA

FALSE BITCH

what is the purpose of the genome in a virus

to code for the replication proteins, and produce the new viral particles in the host

virus genome structure

made of either an RNA or DNA core, this core is encapsulated in an envelope of protective proteins (aka the capsid)

virus capsid function and structure

protective envelope that covers the genome, made of lipids and proteins

genome replication of a virus depends on…

energy and protein machinery in the host

first step of multiplication of viral genetic material in a host

separation of the genome from the capsid

viral proteins are either ___ or ___

structural or non structural

structural viral proteins

become incorporated into the virus and become a part of the viron

non structural viral protein example

nucleic acid polymerases

viron

the virus containing particle, infectious form of the virus

bacteriophages infect…

bacteria

plant viruses are usually made of ____

RNA

example of plant virus made of RNA

tobacco mosaic virus

example of plant virus made of DNA

Gemini virus and maize

what are the three types of animal viruses

DNA

RNA

retrovirus

examples of DNA animal viruses

HSV1 and HSV2

HSV1 is associated with which illnesses

oral herpes and cold sores

HSV2 is associated with which infections

genital herpes

examples of RNA animal viruses

rhinovirus

paramyxovirus

orthomyxovirus

rhinovirus causes which illness

common cold

paramyxovirus causes which illness

measles and mumps

orthomyxovirus causes which illness

influenza

retroviruses causes

HIV1 and HIV2

viroids

plant pathogens, naked strands or circles of RNA with no protein coat

unconventional viruses are also called

prions

prions are ____ that are made from ____

infectious protein particles;

mutated genes

general virus replication:

step 1: virus chemically recognizes and attaches to the host cell at specific binding sites via…

spikes or polypeptides

general virus replication:

step 2: penetration, the whole virus/genetic material enters the ___ of the host

cytoplasm

general virus replication:

step 2: penetration, particles can be transported along ___ to specific sites and start replication there

microtubules

general virus replication:

step 2: penetration; what is uncoating?

nucleic acids of the virus leave the capsid and enter the host

general virus replication:

step 2: what does uncoating lead to

sensitization of the virus to nucleases

general virus replication:

step 3: viral DNA will tell the host cell to…

replicate the viral nucleic acids, make new viral enzymes, make new capsid proteins

general virus replication:

step 3: after the host cell makes the viral nucleic acids, new viral enzymes, and capsid proteins, they are all incorporated into ____

the hosts plasma membrane

general virus replication:

step 4: viral material is assembled into new particles with their ____

RNA or DNA polymerase

general virus replication:

step 5: ____ are released

new viral particles

RNA virus replication:

step 1:

virus enters the host

RNA virus replication:

step 2: RNA template is used to make DNA via _____

(tell me process and the enzyme responsible)

reverse transcription; reverse transcriptase

RNA virus replication:

step 2: reverse transcription of RNA to DNA yields _____

double helix RNA/DNA

RNA virus replication:

step 3: viral RNA is removed via ____

RNase H

RNA virus replication:

step 4: _____ replicates with the help of host enzymes

ssDNA

RNA virus replication:

step 5: duplex viral DNA integrates into the host DNA via which enzyme

integrase

RNA virus replication:

step 5: once the viral DNA is integrated into the host DNA it is then called _____

provirus

RNA virus replication:

step 6: the provirus makes ___ with help of the host enzymes

mRNA

RNA virus replication:

step 7: mRNA makes viral proteins that will ____ and can be ___

alter the host cells functions, cancerous

RNA virus replication:

step 8: virus is released via _____

budding

RNA virus replication:

step 8: budding might kill the ____

host cell

what are the human immune system defenders

T and B cells

survival of the host depends on…

severity of infection and immune response of the host

developing drugs to treat HIV is hard bc…

viruses can mutate and develop resistance

pts with HIV have chances getting _____ from other pathogens

opportunistic infections

what is the main target when choosing a drug to treat HIV

reverse transcriptase

Anti-HIV drugs that work by inhibiting reverse transcriptase will interfere with the ____ of HIV and stop the ____ of the viral particle

replication, synthesisw

what are the two kinds of anti-HIV drugs that inhibit reverse transcriptase

nucleoside inhibitors

non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

anti-HIV drugs can also inhibit ___ which will prevent the cleavage of viral proteins, maturation of the virus, and blocks the release of the virus

protease

anti-HIV drugs can also inhibit protease which will lead to

prevent the cleavage of viral proteins, maturation of the virus, and blocks the release of the virus