AP History Ch. 15

Abraham Lincoln brought little political experience to his presidency yet rose to the occasion to become a masterful leader, whereas Jefferson Davis, a seasoned politician, proved to be a relatively ineffectual chief executive

When considering the wartime leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, a central irony emerges in that

was a crucial turning point for Confederate armies because it proved to be the last time Confederates launched a major offensive above the Mason-Dixon line

In strict military terms, the Battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863

Confederates firing on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in April 1861

In 1861, armed hostilities between the North and South began officially with

helped to encourage Westerners to be loyal to the Union

In 1862, the Homestead Act

launched a massive military campaign that would take his troops on a sweep through Virginia and get thousands of them killed in the process

After his victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant

inflation and taxes cut so deeply into their wages that their standard of living actually fell

While the North's industrial production boomed during the Civil War, the working class there found that

all of the above

Southerners believed that they had a real chance of winning the Civil War based on

it allowed a draftee to hire a substitute or pay a $300 fee to avoid conscription

What poor northern men found especially galling about the new draft law of 1863 was that

"gave up all idea of saving the Union except by complete conquest"

After the battle at Shiloh Church, Tennessee, in April 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant stated that he

doubted his right under the Constitution to tamper with the "domestic institutions" of any state, even those in rebellion

When the Civil War broke out, President Lincoln chose not to make the conflict a struggle over slavery because he

cotton-starved western European powers would be forced to enter the conflict by offering diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy and breaking the Union blockade to secure cotton

Initially the Confederacy sought King Cotton diplomacy, a strategy based on the belief that

a prosouthern minority remained sympathetic to the southern cause and sometimes resisted Union control

The border states of Missouri and Kentucky did not formally secede from the Union, but in these areas

became a sophisticated and powerful war machine that continued to fight in the same bloody and ferocious manner

Under Grant's leadership the war shifted in favor of the North and the Union armies

an attack on the best government on earth and a severe challenge to the rule of law

Typically, Northerners viewed secession as

establishing the sovereignty of the federal government and the dominance of industrial capitalism

The Civil War affected the United States by

clergymen, who stated that God had blessed slavery and the new nation

Throughout the Civil War, the Richmond governement tried to promote southern unity and nationalism; politicians were aided in this attempt by

had reached a stalemate

At the end of 1862, the eastern theater of the Civil War

marked the birth of the ironclad warship but had little impact on the Union's conventional naval dominance

The conflict between the Merrimack and the Monitor

forbade the practice of returning fugitive slaves to their masters

In March 1862, Congress tilted toward emancipating slaves when it

the South had enthusiasm and a resourceful Ordinance Bureau but lacked the resources available to the North

When it came to supplying the Confederate armies,

take measures to stop the contagion of secession and buy time in order for emotions to cool

On March 4, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln delivered an inaugural address in which he revealed his strategy to avoid disunion; that strategy was to

they couldn't see themselves fighting fellow Southerners and felt betrayed when Lincoln chose to use military means against the South

States in the Upper South that opted for secession from the Union did so because

exempted from military service one white man on every plantation with twenty or more slaves

During the Civil War, the "twenty-Negro law" enraged many white Southerners because it

to preserve a southern civilization based on slavery and to ensure that African Americans remained subordinate to whites in the region

While southern leaders issued somewhat duplicitous statements concerning why they thought it necessary to battle the government of the United States, white Southerners from all classes enlisted to fight Yankees

the toll of years of fighting, lack of supplies, and concern for their families had become too much

By the waning months of the war Confederate soldiers were demoralized because

employing various means to undermine white mastery and expand control over their own lives

Slaves increasingly used the chaos and turmoil of the Civil War to whittle away at their bondage by

rarely succeeded

Strikes by workers in northern industries, calculated to improve wages during the Civil War,

they bucked tradition by doing so, because women were thought too delicate to deal with sickness and disease on such a large scale

Thousands of northern and southern women offered their services as nurses during the Civil War; however,

a scorched-earth military campaign aimed at destroying the will of the southern people

In 1864, when General William T. Sherman stated that he intended to "make Georgia howl," he was gearing up for

ended the Confederate war effort, not because the South was out of troops, but because Lee's surrender demoralized the armies remaining in the field

General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant near Appomattox Court House in Virginia on April 9, 1865,

expanded their power by drafting soldiers into the Confederate army and confiscating large amounts of property for the war effort

Despite their ideological commitment to states' rights and limited government, Confederate leaders

revolutionizing U.S. banking, monetary, and tax structures

In the early 1860s, the Republicans generated the economic power they needed to fight a successful war by

the newly enacted draft law, which was inequitable and would force draftees to fight to free black slaves

In New York City in the summer of 1863, an Irish-led riot that took the lives of at least 105 people erupted in protest of

engage in violent revolt

White Southerners' greatest fear regarding their slaves during the Civil War was that they would

was an important Union victory that opened up a large portion of the Mississippi River

The Battle of Vicksburg in July 1863

nurses on the battlefield and behind the lines

Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton are both known for their Civil War efforts as

frustration that McClellan had amassed and trained a huge military force but refused to use it to attack the Confederates

When President Lincoln remarked early in the Civil War, "If General McClellan does not want to use the army I would like to borrow it," he was expressing his

with the Union war effort stalled and many Northerners basically wearied by the burdens of the war, the Democrats had an excellent change of outstanding the Lincoln administration

President Lincoln's determination to hold elections in 1864 is particularly noteworthy because

demonstrated that Americans were in for a real war, one that would be neither quick nor easy

The first battle at Manassas (or Bull Run) in July 1861 is significant because it

All of the above

From the beginning, the Confederacy faced formidable odds in pursuing its bid for independence; it had to succeed in

his postwar burdens would weigh almost as heavily as those of wartie

When the Civil War ended, President Lincoln was confident that

because he considered emancipation to be "a military necessity, absolutely essential to the preservation of the Union"

Abraham Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation

severe test for Americans and the Union

The title of Chapter 15, "The Crucible of War, 1861-1865," is meant to suggest that the American Civil War was a

most fought in the Union army

Among free black men of fighting age in the North,

the fears of Northerners that freed slaves, whom they considered "semi-savages," would flood the North, compete for jobs, and try to mix socially with them

As President Lincoln wavered in his policy of noninterference with slavery, he considered the biggest obstacle to the acceptance of emancipation in the Union to be

enlisting as a Union sailor

William Gould, a runaway slave who was taken aboard the U.S.S. Cambridge, found himself

by disrupting the routine, organization, and discipline necessary to keep slavery intact

Aside from leading to the legal destruction of slavery, the Civil War itself helped destroy slavery in practice

declared all slaves of rebel masters "forever free of their servitude"

On July 17, 1862, Congress adopted a second Confiscation Act, legislation that

did suppress free speech

President Lincoln's efforts to stifle opposition to the war

a struggle to preserve the Union and uphold the Constitution

When the Civil War began, most Northerners viewed it as