Chapter 25 - Imperialism

Spanish American War

Jose Marti (Cuban poet and activist that had been exiled) returned to Cuba to push nationalist movement. Conflict started when Spain used brutal tactics to put down rebellion. U.S. outraged intervened. U.S. held geographic/proximity advantage. Victory granted U.S. influence in Latin America. Cuba become U.S. protectorate and Puerto Rico annexed as U.S. territory.

Jose Marti

Cuban poet and activist that had been exiled. Returned to lead nationalist movement for Cuba's independence.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news reporting aimed at selling more papers. Played a role in in influencing American public opinion to enter Spanish American War.

Panama Rebellion

Fought to separate Panama from Colombia. Supported by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.

Panama Canal

Built on land gifted to the United States in exchange for their help in the Panama Rebellion. One of the greatest engineering feats of its time. Reduced travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by weeks.

Roosevelt Corollary

Expanded weight of the Monroe Doctrine in effort to keep European imperial powers out of the Western hemisphere. Promised the U.S. would intervene in any Latin American nation as determined necessary to keep it stable. This included economic interests.

Dollar diplomacy

American strategy that used powerful economy to gain political influence in Latin American nations. Took over debts of European nations in dealing with Latin American nations. Promoted economic growth but with emphasis on American economic success.

Monroe Doctrine

American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers. Aimed at the European imperial powers.

Mexican Revolution

Showed the move of Latin American nations to attempting Democracy. Large land owners supported the Mexican dictators who in turn protected their economic and political interests. Common people desire more representative or enlightened government. Rebellion breaks out over control. In the short term this did great damage to the Mexican economy. Long term this it did improve the democratic and political stability of Mexico. Patriotism would be extended to the arts.

Porfirio Diaz

Ruled Mexico before the Revolution. Established strong centralized government using military for control. Looked after the interests of the ruling elite and landowners. Viewed as a dictator that did not help the living conditions of the Mexican people.

Francisco Madero

Early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico. Wanted reforms like land ownership, elections, wanted land ownership and free elections. Failed to unify and appease all groups of the revolution. Would be assassinated.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Indirect rule

a colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to main their positions of authority and status and answer to the colonizing power. Positives less resistance. Negatives less value or work accomplished.

Direct rule

colonial government in which local elites were removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the colonizing country. Positives more value or work accomplished. Negatives more resistance.

Imperialism

the extension of a nation's power over other lands.

Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin's theories on evolution and survival of the fittest being applied to societies and government. Idea that the strongest or best adapted nations and cultures would survive.

White Mans Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Motivations for Imperialsim

Resources/new markets

Rivalries with other powers

Increase national power

Social Darwinism

Methods of Imperialism

Missionaries

Colonization

Military Force (using new mass produced technology)

Political Manipulation

Negative impact of Imperialism

Dominant side of the relationship, the biggest impact on the native/indigenous population.

- Loss of resources, land and private property

- Racism and abuse

- High taxes that could result in serfdom if not paid

- Forced farming of cash crops, leads to famine

- Poverty

Positive impact of Imperialism

Lesser side of the relationship; often provided only to improve life for the people of the colonizing power.

- Improved infrastructure (roads)

- Institutions (schools, medical, post office)

- Political/government stability

- Western ideas; ideas like natural rights, Liberalism, Nationalism, etc

Resistance to Colonial Rule

Most commonly in the form of nationalist movements. Nationalist movements were led by native/indigenous peoples that had studied in the western schools. Rare, often from the upper classes to have access. Nationalist movements rarely succeed, will take through the World War's.

Limitations of Nationalist Movements in colonized states

- Could not match the power of the Imperial/Industrial nation that had mass produced and rapidly advancing technology. Especially in the area of military force.

- Colonized people were often disorganized. Example - India with the Hindu and Muslim divide on who should rule.

Indigenous

Native to a region

Annex

incorporate into an existing political unit, such as a city or country

West Africa

Resources of peanuts, timber, and hides. Colonized by Britain, France, and Germany

North Africa

Benefits from the construction and control of a canal to connect the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea

Livingston

Explored central Africa creating maps and stories that captivated back in the imperial powers. Motivation to continue to be imperial.

Stanley

Reported sent to track down Livingston when he stopped sending reports. Would stay with Livingston and continue his work when he died.

Lesseps

French engineer and entrepreneur who constructed the Suez Canal to connect the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea.

East Africa

Bismarck (minister of Germany) was reluctant to get involved in the region. Would ultimately be pressured by the German people to take action and land. Shows perception of need for imperialism. Britain wanted region to connect existing colonies.

Berlin Conference

Recognized both British and German claims in East Africa. Major takeaway is how European Imperial powers do not even invite/consider African point of view.

Central Africa

Hard to access because of no navigable waterways and harsh conditions. Not explored before.

Scramble for Africa

Name given to European imperial efforts in Africa. Left only Liberia and Ethiopia as free states on the continent.

South Africa

Experienced the most rapid growth in the presence of Europeans because it had been colonized since the first wave of exploration and imperialism in the 1600s. The Dutch colonies would be taken by the British.

Boers

Descendants of the Original Dutch Settlers living in South Africa. Forced to migrate when the English seize the colony.

Rhodes

Believed in British expansion; that it was the will of God. Owned successful mines. Would inflame war with the Boers.

Boer War

Involved fierce fighting often with guerrilla tactics. This included mistreatment and abuses committed by civilians like placing women in children in detention camps where they died from disease and starvation. British would defeat the Boers. Highlights European mistreatment of other Europeans.

African Nationalism

Based on the education of new African leaders in Western ideas and institutions. Resented colonization and capitalism as systems that attacked their cultures and states.

Evidence to support African Nationalism

- Low paying jobs

- Slavery

- Lost resources and land

- Racism and mistreatment

Great Rebellion

Started with the Sepoy mutiny when Sepoy's refused to follow orders due to training being religious offensively. When arrested for mutiny, other Sepoys revolted and massacred British women and children. British government responds by taking over control from the British East India company and making India an official colony.

Gandhi

Indian nationalist that had been educated in British law. Helps Indians forced to work in the mines in South Africa. Returns a hero to India to help Indians there. Uses no-violent forms of protest. Believes India must be unified to break from British rule, calls for Hindus and Muslims to work together.

Imperialism in Latin America

Different outcome or end game. Nationalist efforts don't bring success against colonization and imperialism in the rest of the world. Because of U.S. intervention, European colonizing powers are kicked out of western hemisphere. While still under economic imperialism and one sided trade deals imposed by the United States, Latin American nations get to pick governments; democracies.

Latin American Challenges

- Weak and/or corrupt democracies

- Poor infrastructure and institutions

- Continued widespread poverty