PSY100 TOPIC 4

Repair & Restoration Theory

sleep revitalizes body & mind;

NREM

restores physiological functions

REM

restores mental functions

Glymphatic System

carries waste out of brain; sleep = cleanup mode.

Evolutionary (Adaptive) Theory

sleep evolved to conserve energy & avoid danger.

Information Consolidation Theory

sleep processes daily info; prepares for next day.

Hypnosis

altered state of consciousness; focused attention, suggestibility, relaxation.

Uses of Hypnosis

pain control, stress reduction, habit control.

Limits of Hypnosis

cannot make people act against their will.

Posthypnotic Suggestion

instructions given under hypnosis that affect later behavior.

Meditation

narrowed attention; achieves relaxation & inner awareness.

Stage 1 Sleep

light sleep, drifting, possible hallucinations.

Stage 2 Sleep

sleep spindles (bursts of brain activity).

Stage 3–4 Sleep (Slow-wave)

deep sleep, delta waves, restorative.

Insomnia

persistent problems falling/staying asleep.

Narcolepsy

sudden sleep attacks, daytime drowsiness.

Sleep Apnea

breathing stops during sleep; repeated awakenings.

Night Terrors

intense fear, occurs in deep NREM, not REM.

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

walking/talking during NREM deep sleep.

Freud’s Dream Theory

expression of unconscious desires.

Manifest Content

actual storyline of dream.

Latent Content

hidden/unconscious meaning of dream.

Activation-Synthesis Theory

random brain activity interpreted into meaning.

Information-Processing Theory

way of processing daily events into memory.

Psychoactive Drugs

chemicals that alter perception, mood, behavior.

Depressants

slow nervous system (alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines).

Stimulants

increase alertness, energy (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines).

Hallucinogens

distort perception, cause sensory images (LSD, psilocybin, marijuana).

Opiates/Narcotics

relieve pain, mimic endorphins (morphine, heroin).

Consciousness

awareness of self and environment

Altered States of Consciousness

changes in awareness (sleep, dreams, hypnosis, meditation, drugs).

Circadian Rhythms

24-hour biological cycles regulating sleep/wake patterns.