Metabolic Pathways and Energy Transformations, Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Q&A, Cell Signaling and Chromosomal Properties

Connection between anabolic and catabolic reactions

Catabolic reactions produce energy and simpler compounds, whereas anabolic reactions involve the use of energy to make more complex compounds.

Conversion of energy in a dam

Potential energy stored in the water held by the dam will convert to kinetic energy when it falls through the opening of the sluice.

Transition state position in reactions

The transition state of the reaction exists at a higher energy level than the reactants. Activation energy is always positive regardless of whether the reaction is exergonic or endergonic.

Higher level of entropy

Higher level of entropy refers to a higher state of disorder in the system and it can be reduced by the input of energy to lower the entropy.

Primary molecule storing energy in cellular respiration

ATP

Reaction releasing largest amount of energy

ATP to ADP

Definition of energy

The ability to do work

Judging relative activation energies

Compare their reaction rates.

Likelihood of chemical reactions

Exergonic

Truth about enzymes

They increase the ΔG of reactions.

Function of enzymes

To lower the activation energy of a reaction.

Enzyme action models

Lock and Key model and induced fit model are two mechanisms proposed for enzyme action.

Phosphorylation in chemical reactions

Phosphorylation refers to the attachment of a phosphate to another molecule to facilitate a chemical reaction.

Descriptors of chemical reactions

Hydrolysis and exergonic

Chemical reduction during a reaction

An electron is added to the chemical.

Oxidizing agents

FAD+ and NAD+

Events during second half of glycolysis

ATP is produced.

ATP usage and production in glycolysis

The first half of glycolysis uses 2 ATPs, and the second half of glycolysis produces 4 ATPs.

GTP production in citric acid cycle

GTP, which can be converted to ATP, is produced during the reaction of Succinyl-CoA into succinate.

Chemiosmosis

Involves the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane.

Outcome of hydrogen ions diffusing into mitochondria

ATP would not be produced.

Fermentation in animal skeletal muscles

Lactic acid fermentation.

Products of alcohol fermentation

Ethanol and NAD+.

Aerobic respiration in red blood cells

Red blood cells (RBCs) do not perform aerobic respiration, but they do perform glycolysis.

Complex IV in electron transport chain

Complex IV consists of an oxygen molecule held between the cytochrome and copper ions. The electrons flowing finally reach the oxygen, producing water.

Metabolic pathway in obligate anaerobe

Glycolysis.

Order of glucose catabolism pathways

Glycolysis → oxidation of pyruvate → citric acid cycle → oxidative phosphorylation.

Glycolysis and Krebs cycle runs

For every molecule of glucose glycolysis will run once and Krebs cycle will run twice.

Catabolic reactions

Catabolic reactions release energy.

How enzymes speed up reactions

Reduce activation energy.

ATP synthase

Not a component of a photosystem.

Calvin cycle

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Cellular respiration

Pathway used by both plants and animals.

Heterotroph

Intestinal bacteria.

Light reactions outcome

NADPH and ATP molecules are produced during the light reactions and are used to power the light-independent reactions.

Danger of X-rays and ultraviolet light

UV and X-rays are high-energy waves that penetrate the tissues and damage cells.

Plant leaf water loss

Photosynthesis will slow down or stop possibly.

Calvin cycle products

The product of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate and RuBP is regenerated.

Desert plants water loss prevention

By using CAM photosynthesis and by opening stomatal pores during the night.

Carnivores dependence on photosynthesis

Because the prey of lions are generally herbivores which depend on autotrophs.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration pathways

Chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Common ancestry evidence

All organisms perform cellular respiration using oxygen and glucose, which are produced by photosynthesis.

Light-dependent reactions location

The cytochrome complex requires a membrane for chemiosmosis to occur.

Hydrophilic molecules

The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane.

Endocrine signaling

The secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is an example of which type of signaling.

DAG and IP3

They are the cleavage products of the inositol phospholipid, PIP2.

Phosphorylation property

They contain a hydroxyl group.

Receptor dimerization

The receptor forms a dimer.

Phosphatase function

A phosphatase removes the phosphate group from phosphorylated amino acid residues in a protein.

Apoptosis conditions

All of the above (when a cell is damaged, when a cell is no longer needed, when a cell is infected by a virus).

Signaling molecule in yeasts

Mating factor.

Ligand binding type

Ligand-gated ion channel.

Yeast model characteristics

Yeasts are eukaryotes. They have a short life cycle, easy to grow, and share similarities with humans in certain regulating mechanisms.

Paracrine signaling example

Paracrine signaling.

Kinase

Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule.

Ligand

Molecule produced by a signaling cell that binds with a specific receptor, delivering a signal in the process.

Phosphatase

Enzyme that removes the phosphate group from a molecule that has been previously phosphorylated.

Paracrine signal

Signal between nearby cells that is delivered by ligands traveling in the liquid medium in the space between the cells.

Receptor

Protein in or on a target cell that binds to ligands.

Signal transduction

Propagation of the signal through the cytoplasm (and sometimes also the nucleus) of the cell.

Autocrine signal

Signal that is sent and received by the same or similar nearby cells.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

Nucleoid

Central part of a prokaryotic cell in which the chromosome is found.

Organelle

Compartment or sac within a cell.

Prokaryote

Unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.

Ribosome

Cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis.

Ribozyme

RNA enzyme.

Cytosol

Gel-like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell.

Nucleoplasm

Semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus that contains the chromatin and nucleolus.

Atlas butterfly chromosomes

450.

Autocrine or paracrine signaling

Self-use of signal; signal for neighborhood cells.

Longest and shortest chromosomes

1, 22.

q arm of a chromosome

False.

Chromosomal theory

Chromosomes are responsible for transferring inheritance from parents to offspring.

Blood group AB inheritance

True.

Cholesterol entry into the cell

True.

Cri-du-Chat disease

Deletion of a portion of chromosome 5 causes Cri-du-Chat disease.