apush giddes chapter 2b

Puritans

The first settlement in New England (second in English America) resulted from the discontent of churchgoers of Puritan Separatists in England. Did not believe in religious freedom. Been imprisoned and executed.

Separatists

They had been imprisoned and even executed for defying the government and the Church of England. As a result, some left England permanently in search of freedom to worship as they wished, even though Puritans did not believe in religious freedom for all others.

Church of England

The National protestant church of England. Created after Henry VIII’s split from the Catholic church. Maintained some catholic practices while placing the monarch as its head.

Scrooby Group

A Group of separatists. The leaders of this group obtained permission from the Vigrina Company to settle in British America. The received assurances that the king would “not molest them, provided they carried themselves peaceably.”

Virginia/London Company

Gave permission to the Scrooby Group to settle in British America.

Pilgrims

The migrating Puritans, even before they left Holland, their leader and historian, William Bradford, stated.

William Bradford

Leader and historian of the Pilgrims (migrating Puritans). Became the governor at Plymouth, an office he would hold for more than 20 years. Despite the death of his wife and many other losses, he managed his plantation for many years.

Mayflower

In September 1620, the Pilgrims left the port of Plymouth, on the English coast, on this boat with 35 “saints” (Puritan Separatists) and 67 “strangers” (people who were not full members of the Puritan church) aboard. The original destination was probably the mouth of the Hudson River, in what is now New York. Founded themselves in Cape Cod.

“Plymouth”

Area named by Captain John Smith after the English port from which Puritans had sailed during an exploratory journey some years before. Laid outside the London Company’s territory, the settlers realized they had no legal basis for settling there. As a result, 41 male passengers signed a document, the Mayflower Compact.

Mayflower Compact

Established a civil government and proclaimed their allegiance to the king. Signed by 41 male passengers.

Squanto

An Important Native American friend who showed the pilgrims how to gather seafood, cultivate corn, and hunt local animals. A Pawtuxet who, earlier in his life, had been captured by an English explorer and taken to Europe. Spoke English, which was helpful to the settlers who were allying with the local Wampanoags.

Samoset

An Important Native American friend, like Squant, who showed the pilgrims how to gather seafood, cultivate corn, and hunt local animals.

Wampanoags

The settlers were forming an alliance with this tribe. Under the Chief Massaoit.

Chief Massasoit

Led the Wampanoag tribe.

First Thanksgiving

After the settlers (pilgrims) allied with the Wampanoags, they invited the Native Americans to join them in this festival.

Miles Standish

In 1622, this military officer, one of the leaders of the colony, established a semi-military regime to impose discipline on the settlers.

“Plymouth Plantation”

The people of this settlement chose William Bradford again and again to be their governor. As early as 1621, he persuaded the Council for New England to give them legal permission to live there.

Council for New England

Chose William Bradford again and again to be their governor. As early as 1621, he persuaded this group from New England to give them legal permission to live there.

King James I

Had been resting serious tensions for years between himself and Parliament through his effort to claim to divine right of kings and by his harsh, repressive policies toward the Puritans. This situation worsened after he died in 1625, when he was succeeded by his son, Charles I.

King Charles I

He started the nation down the road that in the 16040s would lead to civil war. The Puritans were particular targets of Charles' policies. Some were imprisoned for their beliefs, and many began to consider the climate of England intolerable. The king’s disbanding of Parliament in 1620 ensured that there would be no political solution to the Puritans' problems.

Parliament

The British legislative body whose policies and acts toward the American colonies

Charter

A group of Puritan merchants received this legal document from Charles I, which allowed them to create the Massachusetts Bay Company and to establish a colony in the New World.

Massachusetts Bay Company

The Charter was given by Charles I to the Puritans. This was formed by a group of Puritan merchants, who bought equipment from a fishing and trading company that had failed to make money earlier. Wanted to create a haven for themselves in England. Sercelty met up and agreed to buy out the other investors and all move to the Americas in 1629. Transformed itself into a colonial government.

John Winthrop

Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company. University-educated gentleman. Organized and commanded the expedition that sailed for New England in 1630. The largest single migration of its kind in the 17th century.

Boston

Was the Massachusetts Bay Company headquarters and the colony's capital. Later moved to Charlestown, Newtown, Roxbury, Dorchester, Watertown, Ipswich, Concord, Sudbury, and others.

“Freemen”

Stockholders who were to meet as a general court to choose officers and adopt rules for the corporation. The definition changed to include all male citizens, not just stockholders.

John Cotton

A prominent minister, said that each community church had the freedom to stand alone

Congregational Church

Each church chose its own minister and also regulated its own affairs.

John Calvin

French theologian who was the most influential reformer, and went even further than Luther hadn't rejecting the Catholic belief that human institutions could affect an individual's prospects for salvation. Introduced the doctrine of Predestination

Predestination

Every person’s destiny was determined before birth, and no one could alter their destiny.

“City upon a hill”

John Winthrop and other Massachusetts founders believed they were founding a holy commonwealth that could serve as a model for the rest of the New World.

“Theocracy”

A society in which the line between the church and the state was hard to see.

Connecticut Valley

Attacted English families as early as the 1630s. About 100 miles west of the edge of Europoean settlement around Boston. Appealed in particular to Thomas Hooker.

Thomas Hooker

A minister of Newtown (Cambride), who defied the Massachusetts government in 1635 and led his congregation though wilds to establish the town Hartford.

Hartford

The people of this town and two others, established a colonial government of their own and adopted a consititution known as the Fundamental Order of Connecticut.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

A constitution adopted by the Hartford people and 2 other towns.

New Haven

On the coast of Connecticut colony founded by another Puritan minister. The Fundamental Articles of New Haven established a stricter religious government. Remained independent until 1662, when it was combined with Hartford to form the colony of Connecticut through a royal charter.

Fundamental Articles of New Haven

Established a religious government even stricter than that in Boston.

Connecticut

A royal charter combined Harford and New Haven to create this colony.

Rhode Island

Had origins in the religious and political disssent of Rodger Williams.

Roger Williams

An engaging but controverisal young minister who lived for a time in Salem, Massachsetts. Confirmed Separatists. Argued that the Massachusetts church should abandon all allegiance to the Church of England. Called for the separation of church and state to protect the church from the corruption of the secular world. Banished by the colonial government because he challenged religous authority.

Separation of church and state

Called by Rodger Willams becuase he didn’t like the Church of England.

Narragansetts

The native tribe that Rodger Williams took refuge with. Later bought a piece of land from them to create the town of Providence.

Anne Hutchinson

Intelligent and charismatic women from a substantial Boston Family. Came to Massachusetts with her husband in 1634. Anatagonized the leaders of the colony by arguing vehemently that the members of the Massachusetts clergy who were not among the “elect.” Overtime, she claimed many clergy among them her own ininspring minister were among the non-elect and had not right to exercise authority over their congregations. She eventually charged that all mintisters in Massachusetts.

“Elect”

God elected some people to be saved and condemned others to hello.

Conversion

Had no right to spiritual office.

“Antinomianism”

Called by critics for Hutchinson’s teaching. (Greek word meaing “hostile to the law”)

New Hampshire

Many of Hutchinson’s followers began to migrate out of Massachusetts Bay, to here and Maine. Became a separate colony in 1679.

Maine

Many of Hutchinson’s followers began to migrate out of Massachusetts Bay, to here and New Hampshire. Remained part of Massachusetts until 1820.

Captain John Mason

The greatest savagery in the conflict was the work of the English. White raiders worked under him. Marched against a palisaded Pequot stronghold and set it afire. Hundreds of Pequots died.

Sir Ferdinando Gorges

An early English colonial businessman who founded the Province of Maine in 1622 and was a key promoter of English settlement in New England.

“Praying Indians”

Guides, spies, and soldiers. Converted to Christianity and joined Puritan communities.

John Eliot

Missionary who translated the Bible into an Algonquian language.

Pequots/Pequot War

The First major conflict broke out between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and the Pequot Indians in the region as a result of competition over trade with the Dutch in New Netherland and friction over land. Hundreds of Pequots either burned to death in the flaming stockade or were killed as they attempted to escape. The Pequot tribe was almost wiped out.

Mohegans

Allied with the English settlers and Narragansett. (rivals of the Pequots)

Metacomet

The chieftain of the Wampanoags, known by white settlers as King Philip. Was Weel acquainted with he colonists. His grandfather had once formed an alliance with the English.

King Philip/King Philip’s War

Began in 1675. The deadliest encounter in the 17th century. Caused by the Wampanoags rising to resist the English. The chieftain of the Wampanoags. This war greatly weakened both the society and economy of Massachusetts. In 1676, the white settlers fought back and gradually prevailed.

Mohawks

Longtime rivals of Wampanoags. Gave critical aid to the white settlers.

Flintlock rifle

A weapon made by the Native Americans that replaced the earlier staple of colonial musketry, the matchlock rifle (too heavy, cumbersome, and inaccurate).

Matchlock rifle

Too heavy, cumbersome, and inaccurate compared to the Flintlock rifle.

Great Swamp

The Narragansetts built an enormous fort in this Swamp in Rhode Island in 1675. Became the site of one of the bloodiest battles of the war before English attackers burned it down.

English Civil War

Conflict between King Charles I and Parliament. Weakened England’s direct control over the colonies and divided them into groups like the Puritans.

Cavaliers

Supporters of the king. Had a conflict with the Roundheads that lasted 7 years.

Roundheads

The forces of Parliament, who were mostly Puritans. Had a conflict with the Cavaliers that lasted 7 years.

Oliver Cromwell

Roundhead leader. He ruled as the “protector” for the next nine years. After he died, his son and heir proved unable to maintain his authority.

“Protector”

Oliver Cromwell

King Charles II

Faced some of the same problems as his father, mostly because many people believed that he was secretly a Roman Catholic, and he allowed religious toleration. Faced challenges because the Parliament refused to agree

King James II

King Charles II’s son. Faced many of the same difficulties.

Stuart Restoration

Stuart Royal Family. This period marked the resumption (restart) of English colonization in America.

Proprietors/proprietary colonies

The goal was more for permanent settlements that would provide owners with land and power, rather than the goal being quick success.

Carolina

A name derived from the Latinate form of “Charles”. It was like Maryland, carved in part from the original Virginia grant. Charles II awarded the territory to a group of 8 court favorites, all prominent politicians already active in colonial affairs.

Land speculators

Bought large estates and proposed to sell or give away the rest in smaller areas to gain profit. Used a headright system.

Headright system

Were 50-acre grants of land, which new settlers could acquire in a variety of ways. Each new settler received a single headright for himself or herself.

“Quitrents”

Annual payments from the settlers.

Representative assembly

The proprietors promised a measure of political freedom, and they made laws.

Anthony Ashley Cooper

Convinced his partners to finance migrations to Carolina from England. Soon to become the Earl of Shaftesbury

Port Royal

An expedition with 300 people set from England established a settlement in this area of the Carolina Coast.

Charles Town

Ten years later, they founded a city at the junction of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, which in 1690 became the colonial capital. They called it this name. It was later renamed to Charleston.

John Locke

English philosopher who drew up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina in 1669, which created an elaborate system of land distribution and an elaborate designed social order.

Fundamental Constitution for Carolina

Created an elaborate system of land distribution and an elaborate, designed social order.

Rice

Become the colony's principal commercial crop.

Barbados

Carolina’s most important trading partner. African slavery had taken root here earlier than in any of the mainland colonies.

North & South Carolina

Remained one of the most unstable English colonies in America. After Lord Shaftesbury’s death, the proprietors proved unable to establish order, and in 1719 the colonists seized control of the colony from them. Ten years later, the king divided the region into two royal colonies, North and South Carolina.

Duke of York

Charles II (his brother) granted him all the territory lying between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. Most of the territory included in the grant was already claimed by the Dutch.

New Amsterdam

Substantial settlement claimed by the Dutch.

Richard Nicolls

Led an English fleet that sailed into the lightly defended port of New Amsterdam and extracted a surrender from its unpopular Dutch governor.

Peter Stuyvesant

Unpopular Dutch governor who had failed to mobilize resistance to the invasion.

Articles of Capitulation

New York

Contained not only Dutch and English, but also Scandinavians, Germans, French, enslaved Africans, and members of several different Native American nations. James, the Duke of York prepared to govern a colony of extraordinary diversity.

“Patroons”

Dutch large landowners who survived with their economic and political power largely intact.

Sir John Berkeley

Carolina Propietor

Sir George Carteret

Carolina Propietor. Named the territory New Jersey, after the island in the English Channel on which he had been born.

New Jersey

A place of enormous ethnic and religoious diversity. Unlike NewYork, this colony developed no important class of large landowners; most of its residents remained small farmers.

Pennsylvania

Was born out of the efforts of dissenting English Protestants to find a home for their own religion and their own distincitve social oder.

The Society of Friends

(also known as “Quakers”) originated in mid seventeenth century England and grew into an important force as a result of the prechings of George Fox, a Nottingham shoemaker, and Margaret Fell.

George Fox

Allowed The Society of Friends to establish because of his preachings.

Margaret Fell

Allowed The Society of Friends to establish because of her preachings.

“Inner Light”

Guideed Quakers along the path of righteousness.

William Penn

A wealthy and prominent who was attacted to faith. Son of an admiral in the Royal Navy whowas a lnadlord of caluable irish estates. Reveived the gentelemt’s edcuation expected of a perons of his standing, but he resisted his father in moving to untraditional religions. Was an evangelist Quaker. Later became an owner and propieot of New Jersey.

New Sweden

Small trading colony established in 1638 at the mouth of the Delaware river.