VSF latin 2

perspicacious

clear sighted (not easily deceived)

e.g.

“exempli gratia”; for the sake of example

i.e.

“id est”; that is

Publius Vergilius Maro

aka Virgil; Roman poet; wrote the Aeneid

Aeneid

story of Roman hero Aeneas searching for new city after Troy downfall

laudable

praiseworthy

magna cum laude

“with great praise”

summa cum laude

“with the highest praise”

two famous Silver Age writer names

Pliny

Pliny the Elder

wrote about Natural History; died in 79AD during Mt. Vesuvius eruption

Pliny the Younger

known for his letters; ones to Emperor Trajan in 100AD; two to the historian (Tacitus)

1st period of Roman government

monarchy; 753BC; 7 kings; founded by Romulus (the first king)

2nd period of Roman government

republic; 509BC; 2 consuls yearly + senate; last king (Tarquinius) was kicked out for the 2 consuls Brutus and Collatinus

3rd period of Roman government

empire; 27BC; founded by Augustus (first emperor); Octavian was given the title Augustus “1st citizen of the Republic”

4th period of Roman government

government declined

salubrious

full of health; healthy

salus populi suprema lex est

“The health of the people is the highest law.” - Cicero

hierarchy of Romans

patricians (rulers), equites (equestrians), plebes (plebeians), liberti (freedmen), servi (slaves)

audacious

bold, brash

Audentes fortuna adiuvat

“Fortune favors the bold.” - Pliny

Horatius

defended bridge against Etruscans while the Romans burned it down; swam back in the Tiber

Cloelia

led hostages from the war on an escape; swam back to Rome

Scaevola

accidentally killed Lars’ scribe instead of King Lars; burned right arm off to prove bravery

egocentrism

self-centered

narcissism

self-obsessed

alter ego

“second self”; can mean split personality or very close friend

Greek racetrack

hippodrome; means “running of horses”

porcine

piglike

bovine

cowlike

aquiline

eaglelike

porcupine

spiny pig; porcus + spina

Quid pro quo

“This for that.”

-cide

to kill

Sic semper Tyrannis

“Thus always to tyrants.”

1st King

Romulus; became a god (Quirinus)

2nd King

Numa Pompelius; known for establishing religious customs

3rd King

Tullius Hostilius; destroyed Alba Longa; struck down by Jupiter

4th King

Ancus Marcus; built harbor at Ostia

5th King

Tarquinius Priscus; drained Forum area; built Cloaca Maxima

6th King

Servius Tullius; omen of flames on head as an infant

7th King

Tarquinius Superbus; most hated; fled to Etruscans after getting kicked out

pseudonym

false name

Caveat Emptor

“Let the buyer beware”

Who took a city of brick and turned it into marble?

Augustus

Pax Romana

Established by Augustus, 200 years of Roman peace, 27BCE - 14CE

Res Gestae

Book written by Augustus of his own accomplishments

Ara Pacis

Monument built by Augustus for those who couldn’t read of his accomplishments

Who was the “princeps” (1st citizen of the Republic?")?

Augustus

omni-

all

Non omnia possumus omnes

“We can’t all do everything.” - Vergil

Circus Maximus

circus built during Roman monarchy, held 200,000 people, for chariot/horse racing

Colosseum

amphitheatre built during Flavian empire, held 45,000 people, for criminal executions, naumachia, gladiator fights, and animal hunts

rivus, -i

stream

O tempora! O mores!

O the times! O the customs! - Cicero, 63BC

Who was given the title “Pater Patriae”?

Marcus Tullius Cicero, after he foiled Catiline’s conspiracy

Who was considered a “novus homo”?

Marcus Tullius Cicero

homogenous

having the same characteristics throughout

novus homo

new man

cursus honorum (course of offices)

consuls, praetors, aedilis, quaestors, sometimes dictatorsh

hoi polloi

Greek “the people”, derogatory to lower class people

Haec sunt gemmae meae!

These are my jewels! - Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi brothers

Gracchi brothers

Tiberius & Gaius, served in tribunus plebis, killed in office (133, 123 BC) for proposing radical reformsd

defenstrate

to throw someone out of a window

Flamma fumo est proxima

Where there’s smoke, theres fire OR Fire is near to smoke

Important 63BC Events

Cicero puts down Catiline’s conspiracy as a consul, Octavian’s birth, Caesar is made Pontifex Maximus

contemporaneous

living at the same time; root is “tempus, temporis” meaning time

Ipsa scientia potestas est

“Knowledge itself is power.” said by Sir Francis Bacon (16th century philosopher/scientist)

villa rustica

country house/farm

villa urbana

huge estate outside the city for the wealthy

villa maritima

large villa by the sea for the wealthy

postprandial

after a meal (or nap/stroll)

Ab ovo usque ad mala

“From the egg to the apples” (i.e. from A to Z/from beginning to end)

What was a Roman breakfast called and what was normally eaten?

ientaculum; very minimal, little bread with honey or dipped in wine

What was a Roman lunch called and what was normally eaten?

prandium; cold leftovers from the night before

What was a Roman dinner called and what was normally eaten?

cena; could be multi-course with appetizers, main course, and dessert

What was a Roman dessert called and what was normally eaten?

secunda mensa; fruit, pastries, little cakes

epicure

a person with gourmet taste in food and wine

Manus manum lavat

“The hand washes the hand.'“ said by Petronius; similar to “quid pro quo”

What is Epicureanism?

one of the two main schools of philosophy; “carpe diem”; “Simplify your wants, you will have all you need”; pursuit of enjoyment - ultimate reward

What is Stoicism?

one of the two main schools of philosophy; “no pain, no gain”; keeping an even mind (not going too high nor too low); glory is the ultimate reward

What is the sense of seeing and its Latin root?

visual - video, videre, vidi, visus

What is the sense of hearing and its Latin root?

auditory - audio, audire, audivi, auditus

What is the sense of touching and its Latin root?

tactile - tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus

What is the sense of tasting and its Latin root?

gustatory - gusto, gustare, gustavi, gustatus

What is the sense of smelling and its Latin root?

olfactory - olfacio, olfacere, olfeci, olfactus

In vino, veritas

“In wine, the truth”

Plato

a Greek writer; student of Socrates; wrote “The Symposium” (dialogue about Greek drinking party - Commissatio)

ameliorate

to make better;

melior - better

Dum spiro, spero

“While I breathe, I hope”; motto of South Carolina

Minotaur

defeated by Theseus w/ help from Ariadne

Medusa

defeated by Perseus

Golden Fleece

captured by Jason w/ help from Medea

Polyphemus

tricked and blinded by Odysseus

Scylla & Charybdis

sea/whirlpool monsters; faced by many in the Mediterranean

Chimaera

lion/goat/serpent monster; killed by Bellerophon riding a pegasus

Python

defeated by Apollo; death spot became site of Apollo’s oracle of Delphi

annus -i

meaning “year”; derivatives are anniversary, annual, perennial, etc.

De gustibus non disputandum est!

“About tastes, it must not be argued!”

The Satyricon

written by Patronius; mockery of Emperor Nero; contained famous “Dinner of Trimalchio”

Capricorn

zodiac sign; comes from caper “goat” and cornu “horn”