anatomy exam #1

Anatomy

Study of the internal & external structures of the body, & the physical relationships amoung body parts

Physiology

Study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. Study of function. Divided into individual organs or organ systems

Gross Anatomy

Examination of relatively large structures & features, usually visible with the unaided eye. Several approaches, surface, regional, & systemic anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy

Examination of structures thart can not be seen without magnification

Cytology

The study of cells

Histology

The study of tissues

1.

Chemical level

2. *

Cellular level

3.

Tissue level

4.

Organ level

5. **

Organ system level

6.

Organismal level

Chemical level

Atoms bond to form molecules with threedimensional structures

Cellular level

A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell

Tissue level

A community of similar cells form a body tissue

Organ level

Two or more different tissues combine to form an organ

Organ system level

Two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system

Organismal level

Many organ system work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism

Integumentary system

Composed of skin, hair, and nails; external support and protection of the body temperature regulation

Skeletal system

Composed of bones; internal support and flexible framework for body movement, forms blood cells, and stores minerals

Muscular system

Composed of muscles attached to the skeleton; locomotion, support, and body heat production

Nervous system

Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves; directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

Endocrine system

Composed of hormone secreting glands such as the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal, etc; secretion of hormones that direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

Circulatory system

Composed of heart and blood vessels; internal transport of nutrients and oxygen to body cells while wastes and carbon dioxide are transported away from body cells

Lymphatic/Immune system

Composed of the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, and tonsils; houses the immune system cells of the body, provides protection against infection and disease, transports tissue fluid (called lymph) and absorbs fats

Respiratory system

Composed of the lungs, trachea, larynx, and nasal passages; exchange of respiratory gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the air and circulating blood

Digestive system

Composed of the salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and gallbladder. Intake, breakdown, and absorption of food in order to acquire nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water and the elimination of feces

Urinary system

Composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra; filters the blood to remove nitrogenous wastes, eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products, and controls pH and electrolyte balance

Negative feedback

Brings it back/maintains/ air conditioning

Positive feedback

Outcome faster/child birth/blood clotting

What separates abdominal and thoracic cavity

diaphragm

T/F

True- most systems work through negative feedback

Bipedal

Walking on 2 legs

Reproductive system(male)

-produces sex hormones and gamtes -delivers gametes to female

Organs: Testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal gland, seminal vesicles, epididymis, and penis

Functions: Production and delivery of sperm(gametes), production of sex hormones

Reproductive system(female)

-Produces sex hormones and gametes -supports embryo/fetus until birth -produces milk for infant

Organs:ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammy glands

Functions: production of egg (gamete), secretion of sex hormones, copulation, and support of fetus/infant

Requirements of human life

oxygen, nutrients, narrow range of temperature, narrow range of atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

Maintenance of an internal “steady state”, keeping an internal condition within a set range

3 components for homeostasic systems

Receptor, control center, effector

2 types of homeostasis systems

negative & positive feedback

Anatomical position

standard positioning (or viewing) of the body, used for consistency

Medical imaging

x-rays, computed tomography(CR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), position emmison tomography (PET), ultrasonography

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Nucleus

Center of an atom

Protons

Single (+) charge; 1 atomic mass unti (amu)

Neutrons

No charge; mass is = 1 amu

Electrons

In concentric clouds surrounding nucleus, single (-) charge, very low mass

Valence electrons

Orbit in the outermost shell and determine chemical bonding properties of an atom

Isotopes

Varieties of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons/ isotopes of an element are chemically similar because they ahve the same number of valence electrons

Ion

An atom that has an electrical charge-whether positive or negative

Cation

Positively charged ion

Anion

Negatively charged ion

Ionic bonds

occur between particles that are charged (ions)/ atoms in this type of bond donate or take on electrons/ result in a stable outer shell

Water is known as

A universial solvent

Covalent bonds

Atoms in this type of bond share electrons/ result in a stable outer shell

Water

Polar covalent bonds and a V-shaped molecule give water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life

Synthesis reaction

2 components bond to make a larger molecule. Energy is required and is stored in the bond Note + Book = Notebook

Decomposition reaction

Bonds between components of a larger molecule are broken, resulting in smaller products Bookworm= Book + Worm

Exchange reaction

Bonds are both formed and broken such that components of the reactants are rearranged Notebook + Worm = Note + Bookworm

Enzymes

Decrease the activation energy required for a given chemical reaction to occur, without an enzyme, the energy input needed for a reaction to begin is high, with the help of an enzyme, less energy is needed for a reaction to begin

Dehydration synthesis

Monomers are joined by removal of OH from one momer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation

Lower pH

Higher # of hydrogen atoms

Poly/Marco

Big

Adek

Fat syllable vitamins

Hydrolysis

Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

Dissociation of sodium chloride in water

Crystals of sodium chloride dissociate not into molecules of NaCl, but into Na+ cations and Cl anions, each completely surrounded by water molecules

Acid

Proton donor (releases H+ ions in water)

Base

Proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions)-Many bases release OH-

pH

Measure derived from the morality of H+

The number for pH to be considered neutral

7.0

Higher pH level of 7 is

Basic solution (OH- > H+)

Lower pH level of 7 is

Acidic solution (H+ > OH-)

Buffers

Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH/ maintaining normal (slightly basic) pH of blood is crucial for physiological functions ex: Bicarbonate ion

Blood pH

pH of human blood normally ranges from 7.35 to 7.45, although it is typically identified as pH 7.4

Geno

All of our genes

Organic compounds

Contain carbon (flexible atom that can form the basis for many structures)

4 major classes for organic compounds

Carbohydrates, lipids/fats, proteins, nucleic acids

Polysaccharides

Long chain of monosaccharides (at least 50)

Glycogen

Energy storage

Starch

Energy storage in plants that is digestible by humans

Cellulose

Structural molecule in plants that is important for human dietary fiber (but indigestible to us)

Lipids are

hydrophobic/ will not dissolve in polar solution (water)/ will dissolve in non polar solutions (alcohol)

Primary types of lipids in humans

Fatty acids, trglycerides, phospholipids, fat-soluble vitamins, steroids

Triglycerides

3 fatty acid chain are bound to glycerol by dehydration synthesis/ composed of glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids via dehydration synthesis

Cholesterol

The “parent” steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized/ sterols are ring-shaped lipids

Other steroids

Cortisol, progesterone, estrogens, testosterone

Amino acids

building blocks of protein (therefore proteins are polymers of amino acids)

Peptide bonds

amino acids are bound together(covalent….dehydration synthesis…between amino of one AA to the carboxyl group to the next AA)/ Different amino acids join together to form peptides, polypeptides, or proteins via dehydration synthesis

1.

Prophase

3.

Metaphase

4.

Anaphase

5.

Telophase

6.

Cytokinesis

Primary Structure

Protein’s sequence of amino acids which is encoded in the genes

Secondary structure

Coilded of folded shape held together by hyrdrogen bonds

Alpha helix

Spring - like shape

Beta helix

Pleated, ribbon- like shape

Tertitary structure

Further bending and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous shapes due to hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions and van Der waals forces

Globular proteins

Compact tertiary structure for proteins within cell membrane and proteins that move freely in body fluids

Fibrous proteins

Slender filaments suited for roles in muscle contraction and strengthening of skin and hair

Quaternary structure

Associations of two or more polypeptide chains due to ionic bonds and hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions