Studied by 5 people
Garbrecht - Human Anatomy BIOL 322 Lecture
What structures are included in the circulatory system?
Heart, Blood vessels, blood
What tissue is blood?
liquid connective tissue
What structures does the cardiovascular system include?
Heart and blood vessels
The average person has how much blood?
5 liters
Functions of circulatory system include:
Oxygenation, CO2, nutrient, waste, hormone, and immune cell transport, thermoregulation
Hemostasis
a process to prevent and stop bleeding
Main 3 functions of circulatory system:
Transportation, protection, regulation
What helps coordinate wound healing and contain infection?
Inflammatory agents and cells
Inflammatory agents and cells serve what purpose in blood?
help coordinate wound healing and contain infection
Immune cells are also called
Leukocytes
What do leukocytes do?
clear infection
How do leukocytes help clear infection?
phagocytosis, antibody production, secrete cytotoxic chemicals, form blood clots
How do leukocytes form blood clots?
with clotting factors and platelets
What does the circulatory system regulate?
Fluid distribution
The circulatory can regulate the bodies __ level
pH
What does the circulatory system use to stabilize the pH?
blood buffers
Normal pH of a person?
7.4
If you have alkalosis, your pH is
too high
If you have acidosis, your pH is
too low
The circulatory system controls body temperature by
thermoregulation
The circulatory system does thermoregulation by
dilating and constricting blood vessels
Blood is made of two components:
Plasma and Formed elements
Plasma makes up what percentage of blood composition?
55%
Formed elements make up what percentage of blood composition?
45%
Plasma is the ___ ___ of blood
ground substance
Plasma is 90%
water
The 10% of plasma contains
nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous waste, gases, enzymes, hormones, plasma proteins
Plasma proteins are mostly produced by
the liver
Main gasses in blood
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
Main nutrients in blood:
glucose, amino acids, lipids
Main electrolytes found in blood:
Na, Ca, K, Cl
What is nitrogenous waste?
byproducts of metabolism
Main plasma proteins
Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen
Albumin function:
helps pull water into circ. system, acts as a carrier for some hormones, drugs, lipids
Globulin includes many
proteins, including antibodies
Fibrinogen is critical for
blood clotting
3 main formed elements:
Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes.
5 Types of leukocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
2 categories of Leukocytes
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Hemoglobin is made from
4 polypeptides
They 4 polypeptides that make up hemoglobin are
2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
Each chain of hemoglobin contains an
Iron group (Heme group)
What does oxygen bind to on hemoglobin?
the heme group
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to how many oxygen molecules?
4
The binding of oxygen to a heme group can be either
cooperative or competitive
When O2 binds to one heme this makes it easier for O2 to bind to the other 3 heme groups
Cooperative binding
Other molecules can also bind to heme group (i.e, they compete).
Competitive binding
What can be poisonous if they bind to a heme group instead of oxygen?
Carbon monoxide and cyanide
Alternate forms of Hb include
HbA, HbA2, HbF
HbA has
2 alpha and 2 beta chains
HbA2 has
2 alpha and 2 Delta chains
HbF function
Allows fetal blood to steal oxygen from mother's bloodstream and deliver to fetus
The process of blood formation:
Hemopoiesis
Body produces how many platelets per day?
400 Billion
Body produces how many RBCs per day?
100-200 Billion
Body produces how many WBCs per day?
10 Billion
New formed elements are produced in
hemopoietic tissues
Hemopoietic tissues hold what cells?
Stem cells
Do mature formed elements go through mitosis?
No
During development, what tissues produce formed elements?
Bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus
After birth, what structures produce formed elements?
Skull, ribs, pelvis, sternum, vertebrae, heads of long bones.
Formed elements are produced by
red marrow
Red marrow is what tissue?
Myeloid tissue
Blood formation in Myeloid tissue is known as
Myeloid Hemopoiesis
Some lymphocytes are produced or travel to
Lymphoid tissues
Lymphoid tissues include
thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils
What happens to formed elements in lymphoid tissues?
final maturation
Maturation in lymphoid tissue is known as
lymphoid hemopoiesis
T-lymphocytes or T-Cells are matured then produced from
Lymphoid tissue
Platelets are fragments of
Megakartocyte
Myeloid and lymphoid tissues both contain
pluripotent stem cells
Pluripotent stem cells give rise to
all formed elements
What is anemia?
Low RBCs or low Hb levels
Anemia can lead to
hypoxia
The 3 types of anemia
Hemorrhagic, hemolytic, pernicious
disease caused by bleeding
Hemorrhagic anemia
Disease caused by excessive RBC destruction
Hemolytic anemia
Diseases caused by lack of Vit B12/Intrinsic Factor
Pernicious anemia
Disease of overproduction of RBCs
Polycythemia
People with Sickle Cell anemia contain a
mutated Hb gene (HbS)
Sickle cell anemia requires
both Hb genes to be mutated (homozygous recessive)
Sickle cell anemia carriers have
one good Hb and one mutated Hb
Sickle cell carriers are immune to
malaria
The mutation of one nucleotide in Hb gene
glutamate → valine
Complete Blood Count tests
number and condition of formed elements
Hematocrit test measures
packed cell volumes (# of RBCs)
Differential WBC count measures
the number of different types of WBC
Surface antigen proteins determine
body type
A, B, and O antigens differ in
monosaccharide attached to galactose
O blood type does not have
the extra monosaccharide attached to galactose
If we receive the wrong type blood
antibodies in our plasma will bind to the foreign cells and cause them to clump together (AGGLUTINATION)
Osmolarity determines
water distribution
Osmolarity can be measured in 3 compartments:
Intracellular, interstitial, plasma
Osmolarity in intracellular and interstitial space is
equal
Plasma has a __ osmolarity then intracellular and interstitial spaces
higher
Osmolarity of Plasma contributes to
blood volume
Osmolarity technically refers to
concentration of dissolved molecules in the blood
Note 
Flashcard (156)