Blood

What structures are included in the circulatory system?

What structures are included in the circulatory system?

Heart, Blood vessels, blood

What tissue is blood?

liquid connective tissue

What structures does the cardiovascular system include?

Heart and blood vessels

The average person has how much blood?

5 liters

Functions of circulatory system include:

Oxygenation, CO2, nutrient, waste, hormone, and immune cell transport, thermoregulation

Hemostasis

a process to prevent and stop bleeding

Main 3 functions of circulatory system:

Transportation, protection, regulation

What helps coordinate wound healing and contain infection?

Inflammatory agents and cells

Inflammatory agents and cells serve what purpose in blood?

 help coordinate wound healing and contain infection

Immune cells are also called

Leukocytes

What do leukocytes do?

clear infection

How do leukocytes help clear infection?

phagocytosis, antibody production, secrete cytotoxic chemicals, form blood clots

How do leukocytes form blood clots?

with clotting factors and platelets

What does the circulatory system regulate?

Fluid distribution

The circulatory can regulate the bodies __ level

pH

What does the circulatory system use to stabilize the pH?

blood buffers

Normal pH of a person?

7.4

If you have alkalosis, your pH is

too high

If you have acidosis, your pH is

too low

The circulatory system controls body temperature by

thermoregulation

The circulatory system does thermoregulation by

dilating and constricting blood vessels

Blood is made of two components:

Plasma and Formed elements

Plasma makes up what percentage of blood composition?

55%

Formed elements make up what percentage of blood composition?

45%

Plasma is the ___ ___ of blood

ground substance

Plasma is 90%

water

The 10% of plasma contains

nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous waste, gases, enzymes, hormones, plasma proteins

Plasma proteins are mostly produced by

the liver

Main gasses in blood

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Main nutrients in blood:

glucose, amino acids, lipids

Main electrolytes found in blood:

Na, Ca, K, Cl

What is nitrogenous waste?

byproducts of metabolism

Main plasma proteins

Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen

Albumin function:

 helps pull water into circ. system, acts as a carrier for some hormones, drugs, lipids

Globulin includes many

proteins, including antibodies

Fibrinogen is critical for

blood clotting

3 main formed elements:

Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes.

5 Types of leukocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

2 categories of Leukocytes

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Hemoglobin is made from

4 polypeptides

They 4 polypeptides that make up hemoglobin are

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

Each chain of hemoglobin contains an

Iron group (Heme group)

What does oxygen bind to on hemoglobin?

the heme group

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to how many oxygen molecules?

4

The binding of oxygen to a heme group can be either

cooperative or competitive

When O2 binds to one heme this makes it easier for O2 to bind to the other 3 heme groups

Cooperative binding

Other molecules can also bind to heme group (i.e, they compete).

Competitive binding

What can be poisonous if they bind to a heme group instead of oxygen?

Carbon monoxide and cyanide

Alternate forms of Hb include

HbA, HbA2, HbF

HbA has

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

HbA2 has

2 alpha and 2 Delta chains

HbF function

Allows fetal blood to steal oxygen from mother's bloodstream and deliver to fetus

The process of blood formation:

Hemopoiesis

Body produces how many platelets per day?

400 Billion

Body produces how many RBCs per day?

100-200 Billion

Body produces how many WBCs per day?

10 Billion

New formed elements are produced in

hemopoietic tissues

Hemopoietic tissues hold what cells?

Stem cells

Do mature formed elements go through mitosis?

No

During development, what tissues produce formed elements?

Bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus

After birth, what structures produce formed elements?

Skull, ribs, pelvis, sternum, vertebrae, heads of long bones.

Formed elements are produced by

red marrow

Red marrow is what tissue?

Myeloid tissue

Blood formation in Myeloid tissue is known as

Myeloid Hemopoiesis

Some lymphocytes are produced or travel to

Lymphoid tissues

Lymphoid tissues include

thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

What happens to formed elements in lymphoid tissues?

final maturation

Maturation in lymphoid tissue is known as

lymphoid hemopoiesis

T-lymphocytes or T-Cells are matured then produced from

Lymphoid tissue

Platelets are fragments of

Megakartocyte

Myeloid and lymphoid tissues both contain

pluripotent stem cells

Pluripotent stem cells give rise to

all formed elements

What is anemia?

Low RBCs or low Hb levels

Anemia can lead to

hypoxia

The 3 types of anemia

Hemorrhagic, hemolytic, pernicious

disease caused by bleeding

Hemorrhagic anemia

Disease caused by excessive RBC destruction

Hemolytic anemia

Diseases caused by lack of Vit B12/Intrinsic Factor

Pernicious anemia

Disease of overproduction of RBCs

Polycythemia

People with Sickle Cell anemia contain a

mutated Hb gene (HbS)

Sickle cell anemia requires

both Hb genes to be mutated (homozygous recessive)

Sickle cell anemia carriers have

one good Hb and one mutated Hb

Sickle cell carriers are immune to

malaria

The mutation of one nucleotide in Hb gene

glutamate → valine

Complete Blood Count tests

number and condition of formed elements

Hematocrit test measures

packed cell volumes (# of RBCs)

Differential WBC count measures

the number of different types of WBC

Surface antigen proteins determine

body type

A, B, and O antigens differ in

monosaccharide attached to galactose

O blood type does not have

the extra monosaccharide attached to galactose

If we receive the wrong type blood

 antibodies in our plasma will bind to the foreign cells and cause them to clump together (AGGLUTINATION)

Osmolarity determines

water distribution

Osmolarity can be measured in 3 compartments:

Intracellular, interstitial, plasma

Osmolarity in intracellular and interstitial space is

equal

Plasma has a __ osmolarity then intracellular and interstitial spaces

higher

Osmolarity of Plasma contributes to

blood volume

Osmolarity technically refers to

concentration of dissolved molecules in the blood