Chemistry (H) Chapter 1 Study Guide

all 7 elements in group 1, and what is group 1

Hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium. group 1 is alkali metals

Li, which group?

lithium, 1

H (nonmetal), which group?

Hydrogen, 1

Na, which group?

Sodium, 1

K, which group?

Potassium, 1

Rb, which group?

Rubidium, 1

Cs, which group?

Cesium, 1

Fr, which group?

Francium, 1

all 6 elements in group 2, and what is group 2?

Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium. group 2 is Alkaline Earth Metals

Be, which group?

Beryllium, 2

Mg, which group?

Magnesium, 2

Ca, which group?

Calcium, 2

Sr, which group?

Strontium, 2

Ba, which group?

Barium, 2

Ra, which group?

Radium, 2

Chemistry

Is the science dealing with the structure, properties, and behavior of all substances that make up the universe

6 areas of chemistry

Organic, inorganic, biochemistry, analytical, physical, theoretical

Organic chemistry, 2 examples

study of most carbon-containing compounds, alcohol/sugars

Inorganic chemistry

study of non-organic substances, many of which have organic fragments bonded to metals

Physical chemistry

the study of properties and changes of matter, and their relation to energy

Analytical chemistry

I.D of the components and composition of materials

Biochemistry

study of substances and processes occuring in living things

Theoretical Chemistry

use of math and computers to understand the behavior of chemical compounds

what is matter?

anything that has mass and takes up space

matter can be in 4 forms

solid, liquid, gas, and sometimes plasma

what is the Law of Conservation of Mass/Matter/Energy

States that matter cannot be created or destroyed and only changes form

Mass definition, what unit is often used in chemistry

a measure of the amount of matter in an “object”. grams

2 characteristics of solids

definite shape, definite volume

3 characteristic of liquid

definite volume, not definite shape, particles move past one another

2 characteristics of gas

no definite shape, no definite volume

Plasma, can be found in?

a high temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose most of their electrions. no definite shape or volume. IONIZED GAS, can be found in florescent bulbs

gases are typically in the _____ ___ at room temperature

gases are typically in the GASEOUS PHASE at room temperature

vapors are substances that are typically in the ____ or ____ phase at room temperature

vapors are substances that are typically in the SOLID or LIQUID phase at room temperature

as ____ changes, as well as ____ , substances can change phases

temperature, pressure

melting/freezing phase change

solid to liquid or liquid to solid

melting of ice and freezing of water both occur at which temperature?

0 degrees Celsuis

boiling/condensing phase change

liquid to gas, gas to liquid

steam condenses and water boils at this temperature…

100 degrees celsius

sublimation/deposition phase change. one example of sublimation?

substance changes DIRECTLY from solid to gas, or gas to solid. example is dry ice

Quantitaive property. 3 examples?

a property that uses measurement (MUST USE UNITS). mass, temp, melting point

Qualitative properties. 3 examples?

a property that can be expressed WITHOUT measurement. color, smell, flammability

Extensive property. 3 examples

depend on the amount of matter present. mass, volume, amount of energy

intensive property. 4 examples

not dependent (independent) on the amount of matter present. density, color, boiling/melting points, temp.

Physical properties

observable with the senses and can be determined without destroying the object

chemical properties. 3 examples

indicates how something reacts with something else. burning, rusting, flammability

Physical change

a change in matter that does not involve a new substance being produced

Chemical change/reaction. 1 example

a change in matter that does always involve a new substance being produces. example is ash

5 signs of a chemical reaction/change

color changes, solid is formed when 2 solutions react, gas is produced, odor change, or energy change

What are 2 types of energy changes?

exothermic or endothermic reactions

pure substance

matter with the same composition thought. it can be an element or a compoind

element

simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down anymore

compound, what kind of property

two or more elements joined together in a fixed proportion and cannot be changed. it is a chemical property

what is a molecule

basically the smallest form of a compound.

mixture, what kind of property

a combination of 2+ substances in which each substance keeps its unique set of properties. it can be seperated back to its original substances. it is a physical property

two types of mixtures

heterogeneous or homogeneous mixtures

heterogeneous mixture. 2 examples

a mixture where individual substances can be seen and are randomly distributed. salad, concrete

homogeneous mixture. 2 examples

a mix that has one phase, and substances are evenly distributed. Kool aid, air

homogenous mixtures are also known as ______

solutions

solutions consist of two things

solvent and solute

alloy. 2 examples

a solid solution that is usually made up of 2+ metals. brass, stainless steel

what is another name for periods. how many are there? what does each period represent

series. 7. each period represents a new energy level

what is another name for group. how many are there? elements with groups sometimes have ….

families. 18. they sometimes have similar properties

metal’s conductivity, 4 physical properties, what are they at room temp?

high conductor of heat and electricity, shiny, grey/white, malleable, ductile, they are solid at room temp

malleable meaning

can be bent easily

ductile meaning

able to be drawing into thin wire

nonmetal’s conductivity, 2 physical properties, what are they at room temp?

poor conductor of heat and electricity, lack luster, brittle, most nonmetals are gases at room temp

metalloids’s conductivity, what kind of properties

they are semiconductors, properties of both metals and nonmetals

doping

adding another element to improve conductivity

8 elements for metalloids

B, Si, Ge. As, Sb, Te, Po, At

which is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature

MERCURY (Hg)

precipitate

solid is formed when 2+ solutions react

2 examples of exothermic reaction

cellular respiration, fire

2 examples of endothermic reaction

ice melting, photosynthesis